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Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic: an assessment | SpringerLink

Annex

agreement on cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, Nuuk, Greenland, 12 May 2011 .

The Government of Canada, the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Government of the Republic of Finland, the Government of Iceland, the Government of the Kingdom of Norway, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Government of the United States of America, hereinafter referred to as “ the Parties ” ,

Taking into account the relevant provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Being Parties to the 1979 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, hereinafter referred to as “ the SAR Convention ”, and the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation, hereinafter referred to as “ the Chicago Convention ”,

Noting the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual, hereinafter referred to as “ the IAMSAR Manual ”, Recalling the 1996 Ottawa Declaration on the administration of the Arctic Council, Highlighting the 2009 Tromsø Declaration on the occasion of the Sixth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council, which approved the institution of a job force to develop and complete negotiation of an external instrument on cooperation on search and rescue operations in the Arctic, Conscious of the challenges posed by coarse Arctic conditions on search and rescue operations and the vital importance of providing rapid aid to persons in distress in such conditions, Mindful of the increase in aeronautical and nautical traffic and early human activity in the Arctic, including activity of Arctic residents and of people coming to the Arctic, Recognizing the big importance of cooperation among the Parties in conducting search and rescue operations, Emphasizing the utility of exchanging information and experience in the field of research and rescue and of conducting joint train and exercises, Have agreed as follows : Article 1 Terms and Definitions

  1. 1 .
    For purposes of this Agreement, the terms and definitions contained in Chapter 1 of the Annex to the SAR Convention and in Chapter 1 of Annex 12 to the Chicago Convention shall apply .
  2. 2 .
    For purposes of this Agreement, “ territory of a Party ” shall mean the land area of a State, its inner waters and its territorial ocean, including the airspace above those areas .

Article 2 Objective of this Agreement The objective of this Agreement is to strengthen aeronautical and nautical search and rescue cooperation and coordination in the Arctic. Article 3 Scope of Application of this Agreement

  1. 1 .
    The delimitations of the aeronautical and nautical search and rescue regions relevant to this Agreement are specified in paragraph 1 of the Annex to this Agreement. The area in which each Party shall apply this Agreement is set away in paragraph 2 of the Annex to this Agreement .
  2. 2 .
    The boundary line of research and rescue regions is not related to and shall not prejudice the boundary line of any boundary between States or their sovereignty, sovereign rights or legal power .
  3. 3 .
    Each Party shall promote the institution, operation and care of an adequate and effective search and rescue capability within its area as set forth in paragraph 2 of the Annex to this Agreement .

Article 4 Competent Authorities of the Parties

  1. 1 .
    The Competent Authorities of the Parties are specified in Appendix I to this Agreement .
  2. 2 .
    Each Party shall promptly inform the other Parties in writing through diplomatic channels of any changes regarding its Competent Authorities .

Article 5 Agencies Responsible for Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue

  1. 1 .
    The agencies creditworthy for aeronautical and maritime search and rescue, hereinafter referred to as “ search and rescue agencies ”, are specified in Appendix II to this Agreement .
  2. 2 .
    Each Party, through its Competent Authorities, shall promptly inform the other Parties of any changes regarding its search and rescue representation or agencies .

Article 6 Rescue Coordination Centers

  1. 1 .
    The tilt of aeronautical and/or nautical rescue coordination centers, hereinafter referred to as “ RCCs ”, of the Parties for the purposes of this Agreement is contained in Appendix III to this Agreement .
  2. 2 .
    Each Party, through its Competent Authorities, shall promptly inform the other Parties of any changes regarding its RCCs .

Article 7 Conduct of Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Operations

  1. 1 .
    The SAR Convention and the Chicago Convention shall be used as the basis for conducting research and rescue operations under this Agreement .
  2. 2 .
    The IAMSAR Manual provides extra guidelines for implementing this Agreement .
  3. 3 .
    Without bias to paragraph 1 of this Article, the Parties shall conduct aeronautical and nautical search and rescue operations pursuant to this Agreement coherent with the follow :

    1. ( a )
      search and rescue operations conducted pursuant to this Agreement in the district of a Party shall be carried out consistent with the laws and regulations of that Party ;
    2. ( b-complex vitamin )
      if a search and rescue agency and/or RCC of a Party receives data that any person is, or appears to be, in distress, that Party shall take pressing steps to ensure that the necessary aid is provided ;
    3. ( speed of light )
      any Party having reason to believe that a person, a vessel or other craft or aircraft is in a state of matter of emergency in the sphere of another Party as set forth in paragraph 2 of the Annex shall advancing equally soon as potential all available information to the Party or Parties concerned ;
    4. ( vitamin d )
      the search and rescue representation and/or RCC of a Party that has received information concerning a situation provided for in subparagraph ( boron ) of this paragraph may request aid from the other Parties ;
    5. ( e )
      the Party to whom a request for aid is submitted shall promptly decide on and inform the requesting Party whether or not it is in a position to render the aid requested and shall promptly indicate the setting and the terms of the aid that can be rendered ;
    6. ( farad )
      the Parties shall ensure that aid be provided to any person in distress. They shall do indeed regardless of the nationality or condition of such a person or the circumstances in which that person is found ; and
    7. ( g )
      a Party shall promptly provide all relevant information regarding the search and rescue of any person to the consular or diplomatic authorities concerned .

Article 8 Request to Enter the Territory of a Party for Purposes of Search and Rescue Operations

  1. 1 .
    A Party requesting permission to enter the territory of a Party or Parties for search and rescue purposes, including for refuel, shall send its request to a research and rescue agency and/or RCC of the relevant Party or Parties .
  2. 2 .
    The Party meet such a request shall immediately confirm such receipt. The receiving Party, through its RCCs, shall advise vitamin a soon equally potential as to whether entry into its territory has been permitted and the conditions, if any, under which the deputation may be undertaken .
  3. 3 .
    The Party experience such a request, a well as any Party through whose territory permission to transit is needed, shall apply, in accord with its law and external obligations, the most expeditious border crossing procedure possible .

Article 9 Cooperation Among the Parties

  1. 1 .
    The Parties shall enhance cooperation among themselves in matters relevant to this Agreement .
  2. 2 .
    The Parties shall exchange information that may serve to improve the effectiveness of search and rescue operations. This may include, but is not limited to :

    1. ( a )
      communication details ;
    2. ( b-complex vitamin )
      information about search and rescue facilities ;
    3. ( c )
      lists of available airfields and ports and their refuel and resupply capabilities ;
    4. ( d )
      cognition of fuel, issue and checkup facilities ; and
    5. ( vitamin e )
      information useful for training search and rescue personnel .
  3. 3 .
    The Parties shall promote common search and rescue cooperation by giving due retainer to collaborative efforts including, but not restrict to :

    1. ( a )
      exchange of know ;
    2. ( b-complex vitamin )
      share of real-time meteorologic and oceanographic observations, analyses, forecasts, and warnings ;
    3. ( speed of light )
      arranging exchanges of visits between search and rescue personnel ;
    4. ( five hundred )
      carrying out joint search and rescue exercises and discipline ;
    5. ( e )
      using ship reporting systems for search and rescue purposes ;
    6. ( degree fahrenheit )
      sharing information systems, search and rescue procedures, techniques, equipment, and facilities ;
    7. ( g )
      providing services in back of search and rescue operations ;
    8. ( h )
      sharing national positions on search and rescue issues of common interest within the scope of this Agreement ;
    9. ( one )
      supporting and implementing roast inquiry and development initiatives aimed, inter alia, at reducing search time, improving rescue effectiveness, and minimizing gamble to search and rescue personnel ; and
    10. ( j )
      conducting regular communications checks and exercises, including the function of alternative means of communications for handling communication overloads during major search and rescue operations .
  4. 4 .
    When conducting joint exercises, the Parties should apply the principles of this Agreement to the extent possible .

Article 10 Meetings of the Parties The Parties shall meet on a even footing in order to consider and resolve issues regarding virtual cooperation. At these meetings they should consider issues including but not limited to :

  1. ( a )
    multiplicative inverse visits by search and rescue experts ;
  2. ( b )
    conducting joint search and rescue exercises and train ;
  3. ( coulomb )
    potential engagement of search and rescue experts as observers at national search and rescue exercises of any early Party ;
  4. ( vitamin d )
    homework of proposals for the development of cooperation under this Agreement ;
  5. ( e )
    plan, growth, and use of communication systems ;
  6. ( fluorine )
    mechanisms to review and, where necessary, improve the application of international guidelines to issues concerning research and rescue in the Arctic ; and
  7. ( gram )
    review of relevant guidance on Arctic meteorologic services .

Article 11 Joint Review of Search and Rescue Operations After a major joint search and rescue operation, the search and rescue agencies of the Parties may conduct a articulation review of the operation led by the Party that coordinated the operation. Article 12 Funding

  1. 1 .
    Unless otherwise agreed, each Party shall bear its own costs deriving from its implementation of this Agreement .
  2. 2 .
    execution of this Agreement shall be subjugate to the handiness of relevant resources .

Article 13 Annex The Annex to this Agreement forms an integral separate of this Agreement. All references to this Agreement are understood to include the Annex. Article 14 Amendments

  1. 1 .
    This Agreement may be amended by written agreement of all the Parties .
  2. 2 .
    An amendment shall enter into force 120 days after the go steady on which the depository has received the concluding written notification through diplomatic channels that the Parties have completed the inner procedures required for its introduction into effect .

Article 15 Amendment Procedure for the Annex

  1. 1 .
    Notwithstanding Article 14 of this Agreement, any two Parties with adjacent research and rescue regions may by reciprocal agreement better information contained in paragraph 1 of the Annex to this Agreement setting forth the boundary line between those regions. such amendment shall enter into force 120 days after the date on which the depository has received confirmation through diplomatic channels from both Parties that such common agreement has entered into violence .
  2. 2 .
    Notwithstanding Article 14 of this Agreement, any Party may amend that helping of paragraph 2 of the Annex to this agreement that does not affect the area of any early Party and shall notify the depository of any such amendment through diplomatic channels. such amendment shall enter into coerce 120 days after the date of such telling .

Article 16 Relationship with Other Agreements With the exception of paragraph 1 of the Annex to this Agreement, the provisions of this Agreement shall not affect the rights and obligations of Parties under agreements between them which are in force on the go steady of the entry into effect of this Agreement. Article 17 Settlement of Disputes The Parties shall resolve any disputes concerning the application or rendition of this Agreement through direct negotiations. Article 18 Non-Parties Any Party to this Agreement may, where allow, search cooperation with States not party to this Agreement that may be able to contribute to the impart of search and rescue operations, coherent with existing international agreements. Article 19 Provisional Application, Entry into Force and Withdrawal

  1. 1 .
    This Agreement may be applied provisionally by any signer that provides a written statement to the depository of its intention to do so. Any such signer shall apply this Agreement provisionally from the go steady of its argument or from such other date as indicated in its statement .
  2. 2 .
    This Agreement shall enter into coerce 30 days after the date of receipt by the depository of the last written presentment through diplomatic channels that the Parties have completed the home procedures required for its introduction into force .
  3. 3 .
    Any Party may at any time withdraw from this agreement by sending written notification thence to the depository through diplomatic channels at least six months in progress, specifying the effective date of its withdrawal. withdrawal from this Agreement shall not affect its application among the remaining Parties .

Article 20 Depositary The Government of Canada shall be the depository for this Agreement. DONE at Nuuk this 12th day of May 2011, in the English, French and Russian languages, all texts being evenly authentic. The work linguistic process of this Agreement shall be english, the speech in which this Agreement was negotiated. ANNEX Scope of Application of this Agreement 1. The search and rescue regions relevant to this Agreement are delimited as follows : Footnote 85 Canada — Denmark

The aeronautical and maritime research and rescue regions of Canada and Denmark shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the follow coordinates :

  • 58°30′00″N, 043°00′00″W ;
  • 58°30′00″N, 050°00′00″W ;
  • 63°00′00″N, 055°40′00″W ;
  • 65°00′00″N, 057°45′00″W ;
  • 76°00′00″N, 076°00′00″W ;
  • 78°00′00″N, 075°00′00″W ;
  • 82°00′00″N, 060°00′00″W ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

Canada — United States of America The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue regions of Canada and the United States of America shall be delimited by a continuous note connecting the follow coordinates :

  • 48°20′00″N, 145°00′00″W ;
  • 54°40′00″N, 140°00′00″W ;
  • 54°40′00″N, 136°00′00″W ;
  • 54°00′00″N, 136°00′00″W ;
  • 54°13′00″N, 134°57′00″W ;
  • 54°39′27″N, 132°41′00″W ;
  • 54°42′30″N, 130°36′30″W ; and
  • north along the down border to the Beaufort Sea and thence to the North Pole .

Denmark — Iceland The aeronautical and nautical search and rescue regions of Denmark and Iceland shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the trace coordinates :

  • 58°30′00″N, 043°00′00″W ;
  • 63°30′00″N, 039°00′00″W ;
  • 70°00′00″N, 020°00′00″W ;
  • 73°00′00″N, 020°00′00″W ; and
  • 73°00′00″N, 000°00′00″E/W .

Denmark — Norway The aeronautical and nautical search and rescue regions of Denmark and Norway shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the comply coordinates :

  • 73°00′00″N, 000°00′00″E/W ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

Finland — Norway The land margin between Finland and Norway shall be the limit of their respective search and rescue regions. Finland — Sweden The down border between Finland and Sweden shall be the specify of their respective search and rescue regions. Finland — Russian Federation The farming bound between Finland and the russian Federation shall be the limit of their respective search and rescue regions. Iceland — Norway The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue regions of Iceland and Norway shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the come coordinates :

  • 66°33′44″N, 000°00′00″E/W ; and
  • 73°00′00″N, 000°00′00″E/W .

Norway — Sweden The bring margin between Norway and Sweden shall be the limit of their respective search and rescue regions. Norway — Russian Federation The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue regions of Norway and the russian Federation shall be delimited by the bring border between Norway and the russian Federation and then by a continuous line connecting the follow coordinates :

  • 69°47′41.42″N, 030°49′03.55″E ;
  • 69°58′45.49″N, 031°06′15.58″E ;
  • 70°05′58.84″N, 031°26′41.28″E ;
  • 70°07′15.20″N, 031°30′19.43″E ;
  • 70°11′51.68″N, 031°46′33.57″E ;
  • 70°16′28.95″N, 032°04′23.00″E ;
  • 72°27′51.00″N, 035°00′00.00″E ; and
  • thence to the North Pole .

Russian Federation — United States of America The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue regions of the russian Federation and the United States of America shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the follow coordinates :

  • 50°05′00″N, 159°00′00″E ;
  • 54°00′00″N, 169°00′00″E ;
  • 54°49′00″N, 170°12′00″E ;
  • 60°00′00″N, 180°00′00″E/W ;
  • 64°03′00″N, 172°12′00″W ;
  • 65°00′00″N, 168°58′24″W ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

2. Each Party shall apply this Agreement in the succeed areas as encompassed by a continuous line, respectively : Canada

  • From the North Pole south to 82°00′00″N, 060°00′00″W ;
  • 78°00′00″N, 075°00′00″W ;
  • 76°00′00″N, 076°00′00″W ;
  • 65°00′00″N, 057°45′00″W ;
  • 63°00′00″N, 055°40′00″W ;
  • To the degree where it intersects 60°00′00″N latitude ;
  • West along 60°00′00″N latitude until it intersects with domain bound between Canada and the United States of America ;
  • north along the land surround to the Beaufort Sea ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

Denmark

  • From the North Pole south to 82°00′00″N, 060°00′00″W ;
  • 78°00′00″N, 075°00′00″W ;
  • 76°00′00″N, 076°00′00″W ;
  • 65°00′00″N, 057°45′00″W ;
  • 63°00′00″N, 055°40′00″W ;
  • 58°30′00″N, 050°00′00″W ;
  • 58°30′00″N, 043°00′00″W ;
  • 63°30′00″N, 039°00′00″W ;
  • 70°00′00″N, 020°00′00″W ;
  • 73°00′00″N, 020°00′00″W ;
  • 73°00′00″N, 000°00′00″E/W ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

Finland

  • From the tripoint at which the nation borders of Finland, Norway and Sweden meet, south along the domain surround between Finland and Sweden to the point at which that bound intersects the Arctic Circle ;
  • East along the Arctic Circle to the point at which the Arctic Circle intersects the state border between Finland and the russian Federation ;
  • north along the farming boundary line between Finland and the russian Federation to the tripoint at which the land borders of Finland, Norway and the russian Federation meet ; and
  • thence to the tripoint at which the state borders of Finland, Norway and Sweden meet .

Iceland

  • From 73°00′00″N, 000°00′00″E/W west to 73°00′00″N, 020°00′00″W ;
  • 70°00′00″N, 020°00′00″W ;
  • 63°30′00″N, 039°00′00″W ;
  • 58°30′00″N, 043°00′00″W ;
  • 58°30′00″N, 030°00′00″W ;
  • 61°00′00″N, 030°00′00″W ;
  • 61°00′00″N, 000°00′00″E/W ; and
  • Thence north to 73°00′00″N, 000°00′00″E/W .

Norway

  • From the North Pole south to 66°33′44″N, 000°00′00″E/W ;
  • East along the Arctic Circle to the point at which the Arctic Circle intersects the land molding between Sweden and Norway ;
  • north along the nation molding between Sweden and Norway to the tripoint at which the bring borders of Sweden, Norway and Finland meet ;
  • East along the nation surround between Finland and Norway to the tripoint at which the land borders of Finland, Norway and the russian Federation meet ;
  • north along the land bound to the Barents Sea ;
  • 69°47′41.42″N, 030°49′03.55″E ;
  • 69°58′45.49″N, 031°06′15.58″E ;
  • 70°05′58.84″N, 031°26′41.28″E ;
  • 70°07′15.20″N, 031°30′19.43″E ;
  • 70°11′51.68″N, 031°46′33.57″E ;
  • 70°16′28.95″N, 032°04′23.00″E ;
  • 72°27′51.00″N, 035°00′00.00″E ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

Russian Federation

  • From the North Pole south to 72°27′51.00″N, 035°00′00.00″E ;
  • 70°16′28.95″N, 032°04′23.00″E ;
  • 70°11′51.68″N, 031°46′33.57″E ;
  • 70°07′15.20″N, 031°30′19.43″E ;
  • 70°05′58.84″N, 031°26′41.28″E ;
  • 69°58′45.49″N, 031°06′15.58″E ;
  • 69°47′41.42″N, 030°49′03.55″E south to the indicate at which that meridian meets the land edge between the russian Federation and Norway ;
  • South along the land border between the russian Federation and Norway to the tripoint at which the state borders of the russian Federation, Finland and Norway meet ;
  • South along the land border between the russian Federation and Finland to the point at which that margin intersects the Arctic Circle ;
  • East along the Arctic Circle until the Arctic Circle intersects the 180°00′00″ E/W acme ;
  • 50°05′00″N, 159°00′00″E ;
  • 54°00′00″N, 169°00′00″E ;
  • 54°49′00″N, 170°12′00″E ;
  • 60°00′00″N, 180°00′00″E/W ;
  • 64°03′00″N, 172°12′00″W ;
  • 65°00′00″N, 168°58′24″W ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

Sweden

  • From the tripoint at which the kingdom borders of Sweden, Norway and Finland meet ;
  • South along the land margin between Sweden and Norway to the bespeak at which that border intersects the Arctic Circle ;
  • East along the Arctic Circle to the point at which the Arctic Circle intersects the down frame between Sweden and Finland ; and
  • Thence North along the state edge between Sweden and Finland to the tripoint at which the land borders of Sweden, Norway and Finland converge .

United States of America

  • From the North Pole south to 65°00′00″N, 168°58′24″W ;
  • 64°03′00″N, 172°12′00″W ;
  • 60°00′00″N, 180°00′00″E/W ;
  • 54°49′00″N, 170°12′00″E ;
  • 54°00′00″N, 169°00′00″E ;
  • 50°05′00″N, 159°00′00″E ;
  • 50°05′00″N, 143°40′00″W ;
  • 54°40′00″N, 140°00′00″W ;
  • 54°40′00″N, 136°00′00″W ;
  • 54°00′00″N, 136°00′00″W ;
  • 54°13′00″N, 134°57′00″W ;
  • 54°39′27″N, 132°41′00″W ;
  • 54°42′30″N, 130°36′30″W ;
  • north along the land boundary line to the Beaufort Sea ; and
  • Thence north to the North Pole .

Appendix 1

Competent Authorities The Competent Authorities of the Parties are : Canada —Minister of National Defence ; Denmark —Danish Maritime Authority ; Finland —Ministry of the Interior ; finnish Transport Safety Agency ; Iceland —Ministry of the Interior ; Norway —Ministry of Justice and the Police ; Russian Federation —Ministry of Transport of the russian Federation ; Ministry of the russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters ; Sweden —Swedish Maritime Administration ; and United States of America —United States Coast Guard .

Appendix 2

Search and Rescue Agencies The search and rescue agencies of the Parties are : Canada —Canadian Forces ; canadian Coast Guard ; Denmark —Danish Maritime Authority, Danish Transport Authority, Ministry of Fisheries—Faroe Islands ; Finland —Finnish Border Guard ; Iceland —Icelandic Coast Guard ; Norway —Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, Northern Norway ( JRCC NN Bodø ) ; Russian Federation —Federal Air Transport Agency ; Federal Agency for Marine and River Transport ; Sweden —Swedish Maritime Administration ; and United States of America —United States Coast Guard ; United States Department of Defense .

Appendix 3

Rescue Coordination Centers The rescue coordination centers of the Parties are : Canada —Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, Trenton ; Denmark —Maritime Rescue Coordination Center Grønnedal ( MRCC Grønnedal ) ; Rescue Coordination Center Søndrestrøm/Kangerlussuaq ( RCC Søndrestrøm ) ; Maritime Rescue and Coordination Center Torshavn ( MRCC Torshavn ) ; Finland —Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre Turku ( MRCC Turku ) ; Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre Finland ( ARCC Finland ) ; Iceland —Joint Rescue Coordination Center Iceland ( JRCC Iceland ) ; Norway —Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, Northern Norway ( JRCC NN Bodø ) ;

Russian Federation —State Maritime Rescue Coordination Center ( SMRCC ) ; Main Aviation Coordination Center for Search and Rescue ( MACC ) ; Sweden —Joint Rescue Coordination Center Gothenburg ( JRCC Gothenburg ) ; and United States of America —Joint Rescue Coordination Center Juneau ( JRCC Juneau ) ; Aviation Rescue Coordination Center Elmendorf ( ARCC Elmendorf ) .

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