not to be confused with Special economic zone An exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an area of the ocean in which a sovereign department of state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of nautical resources, including energy production from water system and wind. [ 1 ] It stretches from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles ( nmi ) from the coast of the state in question. It is besides referred to as a maritime continental margin and, in colloquial usage, may include the continental shelf. The condition does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile restrict. The remainder between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the foremost confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a “ sovereign right ” which refers to the coastal state ‘s rights below the open of the ocean. The airfoil waters, as can be seen in the map, are international waters. [ 2 ]
Reading: Exclusive economic zone – Wikipedia
The universe ‘s exclusive economic zones, shown in iniquity blue ( distinguished from external waters in light blue )
definition [edit ]
Sea areas in international rights ( acme down position ) broadly, a state ‘s single economic partition is an sphere beyond and adjacent to the territorial ocean, extending offshore to a distance of no more than 200 nmi ( 370 kilometer ) out from its coastal baseline. [ 3 ] The exception to this rule occurs when single economic zones would overlap ; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi ( 740 kilometer ) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual nautical boundary. [ 4 ] Generally, any item within an overlap sphere defaults to the nearest department of state. [ 5 ] A express ‘s exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial ocean and extends outbound to a distance of 200 nmi ( 370 kilometer ) from the service line. The exclusive economic zone stretches a lot further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at 12 nmi ( 22 kilometer ) from the coastal baseline ( if following the rules set out in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea ). [ 6 ] Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the conterminous zone. States besides have rights to the ocean floor of what is called the continental ledge up to 350 nmi ( 650 kilometer ) from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their single economic zones. The legal definition of the continental ledge does not directly match to the geological mean of the terminus, as it besides includes the continental rise and slope, and the integral ocean floor within the single economic zone .
origin and history [edit ]
The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give them more control of nautical affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the deep twentieth century. initially, a country ‘s sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi or 5.6 kilometer ( range of cannon snapshot ) beyond the shore. In mod times, a area ‘s sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi ( 22 kilometer ) beyond the shore. One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial ocean was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945. however, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf of 23 June 1947 ( El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 29 June 1947 ) and Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947 ( El Peruano : Diario Oficial. Vol. 107, No. 1983, 11 August 1947 ). [ 7 ] It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile single economic zone was formally adopted .
Disputes [edit ]
The accurate extent of exclusive economic zones is a common beginning of conflicts between states over marine waters .
potential disputes [edit ]
Regions where a permanent wave ice ledge extends beyond the coastline are besides a source of potential dispute. [ 29 ]
Resolved disputes [edit ]
Transboundary stocks [edit ]
Fisheries management, normally adhering to guidelines set by the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ), provides significant hardheaded mechanism for the operate of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control. [ 38 ] Transboundary stocks are pisces stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hired hand, stove both within an EEZ a well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling. [ 39 ]
By country [edit ]
versatile island countries [edit ]
EEZs in the Caribbean Sea
EEZs in the Atlantic and indian Ocean
EEZs in the Pacific Ocean
Algeria [edit ]
Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The permanent deputation of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its discrepancy with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones, [ 42 ] The lapp was done by the italian mission on 28 November 2018. [ 43 ] The two countries indicated that the algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them. On 25 November 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in reply to the spanish protest, explaining that the algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n° 18–96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the seashore of Algeria. The algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral boundary line carried out by Spain is not in ossification with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the shape, the specific characteristics and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in detail for the casing of the two countries whose coasts are located confront to boldness, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international police to govern the equitable boundary line of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a equitable solution. [ 44 ] On 20 June 2019 a communication from Algeria was sent. It was addressed to the italian embassy [ 45 ] and the spanish embassy in Algiers [ 46 ] to show their eligibility in Algeria ‘s single economic zone .
Argentina [edit ]
Considering the maritime areas claimed, the full area of Argentina reaches 3,849,756 km2. The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1,159,063 km2 .
Australia [edit ]
Australia ‘s exclusive economic zones, including its antarctic call Australia ‘s exclusive Economic Zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles ( 22 to 370 kilometres ) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime boundary line agreement exists with another state. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia ‘s territorial waters. Australia has the third base largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with the total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its farming territory. The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ( CLCS ) confirmed, in April 2008, Australia ‘s rights over an extra 2.5 million squarely kilometres of ocean floor beyond the limits of Australia ‘s EEZ. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Australia besides claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, extra Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory, [ 51 ] but these claims were deferred on Australia ‘s request. however, Australia ‘s EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres. [ 50 ]
Brazil [edit ]
Brazil ‘s exclusive economic zones Brazil ‘s EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands. It is called the Blue Amazon .
In 2004, Brazil submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ( CLCS ) to extend its maritime continental margin. [ 53 ]
Canada [edit ]
Canada ‘s single economic zone and territorial waters Canada is strange in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 km2 ( 2,161,816 sq michigan ), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters. [ 54 ] The latter by and large extend merely 12 nautical miles from the shore, but besides include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay ( about 300 nautical miles ( 560 kilometer ; 350 michigan ) across ), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic Archipelago .
chile [edit ]
Chile ‘s exclusive economic zones, including its south-polar claim Chile ‘s EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands .
China [edit ]
China’s undisputed EEZ –
877,019 km2 [ citation needed] China ‘s undisputed EEZ –877,019 kilometer EEZ claimed by China, disputed by 2 [56] EEZ claimed by China, disputed by Taiwan – 1,148,485 kilometer
EEZ claimed by China, disputed by early countries – 210,926 km2 Total: 2,236,430 km2 [57] exclusive economic zone claimed by the People ‘s Republic of China : entire : 2,236,430 kilometer
The first figure excludes wholly disputed waters, while the final trope indicates China ‘s claim boundaries, and does not take into history adjacent powers ‘ claims .
croatia [edit ]
Area: 59,032 km2
cyprus [edit ]
exclusive economic zone between Israel and Cyprus as signed in Nicosia. ( Labels in Hebrew. ) The Exclusive Economic Zone of Cyprus covers more than 70,000 km2 and is divided between 13 exploration blocks. The action of the establishment of Cyprus, Israel and Lebanon Exclusive Economic Zones was held in Nicosia in 2010 with disjoined meetings between each area. [ 58 ] Cyprus and Israel as share of their broad cooperation have agreed to start their gas explorations with a common american party, specifically noble Energy. Cypriot and Israeli governments are discussing to export their natural gas through the ship of compressed natural gas to Greece and then to the stay of Europe or through a subsea grapevine starting from Israel and then leading to Greece via Cyprus. [ 59 ] [ 60 ]
denmark [edit ]
The Kingdom of Denmark includes the component nation ( selvstyre ) of Greenland and the component state ( hjemmestyre ) of the Faroe Islands .
| Region | EEZ & TW Area (km2)[61] | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
 Denmark
|
105 989 | 42 506 | 149 083 |
 Faroe Islands
|
260 995 | 1 399 | 262 394 |
 Greenland
|
2,184,254 | 2,166,086 | 4,350,340 |
| Total | 2,551,238 | 2,210,579 | 4,761,817 |
ecuador [edit ]
Ecuador ‘s exclusive economic zone Area: 1,077,231 km2
France [edit ]
single economic zones of France, including its antarctic territorial claim due to its numerous oversea departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the worldly concern, covering 11.7 million km2. [ 62 ] The EEZ of France covers approximately 8 % of the total surface of all the EEZs of the earth, whereas the land area of the french Republic is only 0.45 % of the full estate area of Earth .
Germany [edit ]
Greece [edit ]
single economic zone of Greece Greece has claimed an EEZ of 505,572 km2 ( 195,202 sq michigan ) as per UNCLOS 1982 adenine well as customary international law. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Turkey does n’t recognize a legal continental ledge and EEZ around the greek islands. As of 2020, Greece has signed EEZ agreements with Italy and Egypt. [ 65 ] [ 66 ]
India [edit ]
| EEZ | Area (km2) |
|---|---|
| Mainland India (9 States and 2 Union Territories of the Indian Federation) and Lakshadweep | 1,641,514 km2 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 663,629 km2 |
| Total | 2,305,143 km2 |
India is presently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles. [ 67 ]
indonesia [edit ]
Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic partition in the world. The total size is 6,159,032 km2 ( 2,378,016 sq mi ). It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles ( 370 kilometer ) from its shores. This is due to the 13,466 islands of the indonesian Archipelago. [ 68 ] It has the 2nd largest coastline of 54,720 km ( 34,000 mi ). The five main islands are : Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and westerly New Guinea. There are two major island groups ( Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands ) and sixty smaller island groups .
Israel [edit ]
In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the nautical halfway point, a clarification necessity for safeguarding Israel ‘s rights to anoint and subaqueous gasoline reservoir. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross molding resources discovered, and to negotiate an agreement on dividing articulation resources .
Italy [edit ]
Italy has the universe ‘s 48th largest EZZ, with an area of 541,915 km2 ( 209,235 sq nautical mile ). [ 63 ] It claims an EEZ of 200 nmi ( 370.4 kilometer ; 230.2 nautical mile ) from its shores, which has long coastlines with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the ionian Sea to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Its EEZ is limited by maritime boundaries with neighbor countries to the northwest, east and southeast. Italy ‘s western ocean territory stretches from the west coast of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea including the island Sardinia. The island Sicily is in the southernmost area. Lampedusa is Italy ‘s southernmost steer. It shares treaty-defined maritime boundaries with France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Malta, Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia .
Japan [edit ]
Japan ‘s EEZ
Joint regimen with the Republic of Korea
EEZ claimed by Japan, disputed by others Japan ‘s exclusive economic zones : Japan has the 8th largest exclusive economic zone of 4,479,674 km2 ( 1,729,612 sq security service ). [ 69 ] It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles ( 370 kilometer ) from its shores.
Read more: What is the Maritime Industry?
Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its asian neighbors ( China, Russia, South Korea, and Taiwan ). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] both indicate Japan ‘s claim boundaries, and do not take into explanation the claims of adjacent jurisdictions. Japan besides refers to respective categories of “ shipping area ” – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is ill-defined whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications .
malaysia [edit ]
Mexico [edit ]
single economic zone of Mexico Mexico ‘s exclusive economic zones cover a total airfoil area of 3,144,295 km2, and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the global. [ 74 ] This puts Mexico ‘s total territory as 5,153,735 km2 .
New Zealand [edit ]
New Zealand ‘s EEZ covers 4,083,744 km2 ( 1,576,742 sq mile ), [ 75 ] [ 76 ] which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary importantly on the size of New Zealand ‘s EEZ ; for exemplar, a holocene government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2. [ 77 ] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand ( the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency ) .
North Korea [edit ]
The exclusive economic partition of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea ( Yellow Sea ) and the Sea of Japan. The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the robustness of the Northern Limit Lines ( NLL ) set up after the Korean War as nautical borders. The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific setting. In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korea Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area. The border between the north korean and south korean EEZs in the West Sea can not be determined because of likely lap and disputes over certain islands. In the Sea of Japan, the north korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal -shaped. The bound between North Korea and Russia ‘s respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia. here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the ocean is not thought to be rich in resources .
norway [edit ]
Norway has a boastfully exclusive economic partition of 819,620 km2 around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2, including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen. [ 85 ] In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway ‘s claim to an extra 235,000 square kilometres of continental ledge. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a share of shelf in the Barents Sea. [ 86 ]
| Region | EEZ and Territorial Waters Area (km2) |
Land Area (km2) | Total (km2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mainland Norway | 1,273,482 | 323,802 | 1,597,284 |
| Svalbard | 402,574 | 61,002 | 463,576 |
| Jan Mayen | 273,118 | 373 | 273,491 |
| Bouvet Island | 436,004 | 49 | 436,053 |
| Total | 2,385,178 | 385,226 | 2,770,404 |
pakistan [edit ]
Pakistan is the first state in North indian Ocean region which case for extension of continential ledge has been approved by UN Area: 290,000 km2 Pakistan coast is a 990 kilometer long seashore, extending from sir creek in the east to Gwadar bay in the west ane the EEZ extends upto 290,000sqkm whick is more than 30 % of its farming area and ranks sixty sixth in the universe by area. Pakistan had an EEZ of 240,000 sqkm before their character was accepted by UNCLCS. Pakistan Navy with the aid of National Oceanographic Organization ( NIO ) initiated the continental ledge case at ministrial charge in 1995. On 26 Aug 2013, a seven-member bomber commission with members from Japan, China, Mozambique, Kenya, Demark, Georgia and Argentina was formulated at UNCLCS to evaluate technical details of Pakistan encase and after a year accepted Pakistan ‘s call. On 13 March 2015, UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf ( UNCLCS ) accepted recommendations for extension of the outer limits of the continental shelf on Pakistan ‘s case indeed far 80 countries had submitted claims to UNCLCS out of which recommendations of 22 countries including Pakistan had been finalised. It was a historic consequence in the state ‘s history when Pakistan became the first area in the region to have its continental ledge extended to 350nm. Some of the claim territory overlapped Omani claim. It is believed that the verdict in favor of Pakistan was announced after successful negotiation with Oman .
peru [edit ]
Peru ‘s exclusive economic partition Area: 906,454 km2
Philippines [edit ]
The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines shown in the igniter blue shade, with Archepelagic Waters in the darkest blue The Philippines ‘ EEZ covers 2,263,816 km2 ( 874,064 sq nautical mile ). [ 87 ]
Poland [edit ]
The polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km2 ( 11,789 sq nautical mile ) within the Baltic Sea. [ 88 ]
portugal [edit ]
[89]Portugal ‘s Exclusive Economic Zones plus submitted Extended Continental Shelf to the UN Portugal has the twentieth largest EEZ in the world. soon, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones :
- Continental Portugal 327,667 km2
- Azores 953,633 km2
- Madeira 446,108 km2
- Total : 1,727,408 km2
Portugal submitted a claim to extend its legal power over an extra 2.15 million feather kilometres of the adjacent continental shelf in May 2009, [ 90 ] resulting in an area with a sum of more than 3,877,408 km2. The submission, vitamin a well as a detailed function, can be found in the Task Group for the annex of the Continental Shelf web site. Spain once objected to the EEZ ‘s southerly bound, maintaining that it should be drawn center between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ frame further confederacy. Spain no longer disputes the portuguese claim since 2015. [ 91 ] [ 92 ]
romania [edit ]
Area: 23,627 km2
russia [edit ]
Russia ‘s exclusive economic zone 4th largest
- Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km2
- Saint Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km2
- Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km2
- Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km2
- Pacific – 3,419,202 km2
- Siberia – 3,277,292 km2
- Total – 8,095,881 km2[93]
senegal [edit ]
Area: 158,861 km2
somalia [edit ]
Area: 825,052 km2
South Africa [edit ]
South Africa ‘s nautical zones, including the exclusive economic zone South Africa ‘s EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km2. [ 63 ]
- Mainland – 1,068,659 km2
- Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km2
South Korea [edit ]
Korean EEZ
EEZ claimed by Republic of Korea and Japan
Joint regimen with Japan south korean exclusive economic zone : Area: 300,851 ( 225,214 ) km2
Spain [edit ]
Spain ‘s exclusive economic zone Area: 1,039,233 km2
thailand [edit ]
United Kingdom [edit ]
UK, Ireland, Iceland & Faroes EEZ The United Kingdom has the fifth largest exclusive economic partition of 6,805,586 km2 ( 2,627,651 sq secret intelligence service ) square kilometer. It comprises the EEZs surrounding the United Kingdom, [ 95 ] the Crown dependencies, and the british Overseas Territories. The human body does not include the EEZ of the british Antarctic Territory. The EEZ associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos Archipelago, besides known as the british indian Ocean Territory, is besides disputed with Mauritius which considers the archipelago as a separate of its territory .
† A part of the overseas territory of 
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square kilometer .
United States [edit ]
The USA ‘s exclusive Economic Zones The United States ‘ exclusive economic zone is the moment largest in the populace, covering 11,351,000 km2. Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea .
notice, the totals in the table actually add up to 12,234,403 square kilometer and 4,723,705 square miles .
Vietnam [edit ]
territorial claims in the South China Sea. Vietnam ‘s EEZ has a blue line. Vietnam claims an exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) of 1,395,096 km2 ( 538,650 sq myocardial infarction ) with 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 kilometer ; 230.2 michigan ) from its shores. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Excluding all disputed waters, Vietnam has an undisputed exclusive economic zone of 417,663 km2 ( 161,261 sq nautical mile ). [ citation needed ] This design does not include the claim EEZ areas of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. Vietnam has disputes chiefly with the People ‘s Republic of China due to the nine-dash line .
Rankings by area [edit ]
This list includes subject territories ( including uninhabited territories ) within their autonomous states, but does not include diverse claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is single economic zone ( EEZ ) plus full home area ( TIA ) which includes territorial land and inner waters .
See besides [edit ]
Notes [edit ]
References [edit ]
Works cited:
