Chennai – Wikipedia

Chennai (, Tamil : [ ˈt͡ɕenːaɪ̯ ] ), besides known as Madras [ A ] ( the official name until 1996 ), is the capital city of the indian state of Tamil Nadu. The state ‘s largest city in area and population equally well, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, and is the most outstanding cultural, economic and educational center of South India. According to the 2011 amerind census, Chennai is the sixth-most populous city in the country and forms the fourth-most populous urban agglomeration. The Greater Chennai Corporation is the civil body responsible for the city ; it is the oldest city pot of India, established in 1688—the moment erstwhile in the world after London. The city of Chennai is coextensive with Chennai district, which together with the adjoining suburb constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area, [ note 1 ] the 36th-largest urban area in the worldly concern by population [ 23 ] and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. The traditional and de facto gateway of South India, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Chennai is among the most-visited indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked the 43rd-most visit city in the global for the class 2015 [ 24 ] and was ranked the 36th-most travel to city in the world for the year 2019. [ 25 ] The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. [ 26 ] Chennai attracts 45 percentage of health tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percentage of domestic health tourists. [ 27 ] As such, it is termed “ India ‘s health capital ”. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] An established port of trade of British India since the 1600s, Chennai has the fifth-largest urban economy, [ 21 ] and had the third-largest exile population in India, at 35,000 in 2009, 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the populace to visit in 2015. [ 32 ] Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index, [ 33 ] and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual amerind city survey. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] In 2015 Chennai was named the “ hottest ” city ( city deserving visiting and worth surviving in for long term ) by the BBC, citing the assortment of both modern and traditional values. [ 36 ] National Geographic mentioned Chennai as the lone South asian city to feature in its 2015 “ top 10 food cities ” list. [ 37 ] Chennai was besides named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by lonely Planet. [ 38 ] In October 2017, Chennai was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network ( UCCN ) list for its deep musical custom. [ 39 ] More than one-third of India ‘s automobile industry being based in the city. Home to the Tamil film industry, Chennai is besides known as a major film production center. It is one of the 100 indian cities to be developed as a fresh city under the Smart Cities Mission. [ 40 ]

etymology

The name Chennai is of Telugu lineage. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] It was derived from the identify of a Telugu rule, Damarla Mudirasa Chennappa Nayakudu, church father of Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, a Nayak rule who served as a general under Venkata III of the Vijayanagar Empire from whom the british acquired the township in 1639. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The first official use of the list Chennai is said to be in a sale deed, dated August 1639, to Francis Day of the East India Company, even before [ 46 ] the Chennakesava Perumal Temple was built in 1646, [ 47 ] while some scholars argue to the adverse. [ 48 ] The name Madras is besides of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the british established a presence in India. [ 49 ] A Vijayanagar-era dedication dated to the year 1367 that mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other minor ports on the east seashore, was discovered in 2015 and it was theorised that the aforesaid port is the fishing port of Royapuram. [ 50 ] According to some sources, Madras is derived from Madraspattinam, a fish village north of Fort St George. [ 51 ] however, it is unsealed whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. [ 52 ] british military mapmakers believed Madras was primitively Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, which was the name of a Telugu residential district, Mudiraj, who were the native inhabitants of the city. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] There are besides suggestions that it may have originated from the portuguese phrase Mãe de Deus or Madre de Dios, which means “ mother of God “, due to portuguese determine on the port city, specifically referring to a church of St. Mary. [ 55 ] In August 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu formally changed the diagnose from Madras to Chennai. At that time many indian cities underwent a change of name. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] however, the mention Madras continues in casual use for the city, [ 58 ] a well as for places named after the city such as University of Madras, IIT Madras, Madras Institute of Technology, Madras Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, Madras Christian College .

history

clive House at Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first english liquidation in India during 1609 An 18th-century portrait depicting Fort St. George, the first major english settlement in India and the foundation stone of Chennai St.Thomas Mount, Chennai Stone age implements have been found near Pallavaram in Chennai. According to the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ), Pallavaram was a megalithic cultural establishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the village. [ 59 ] The region around Chennai has served as an crucial administrative, military, and economic concentrate for many centuries. During the first century CE, a poet and weaver named Thiruvalluvar lived in the town of Mylapore ( a neighborhood of give Chennai ). [ 60 ] From the 1st–12th century the region of present Tamil Nadu and parts of South India was ruled by the Cholas. [ 61 ] The Pallavas of Kanchi built the areas of Mahabalipuram and Pallavaram during the predominate of Mahendravarman I. They besides defeated several kingdoms including the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas who ruled over the area before their arrival. Sculpted caves and paintings have been identified from that time period. [ 62 ] Ancient coins dating to around 500 BCE have besides been unearthed from the city and its surrounding areas. A assign of these findings belonged to the Vijayanagara Empire, which ruled the area during the chivalric menstruation. [ 63 ] The Portuguese first arrived in 1522 and built a port called São Tomé after the christian apostle, St. Thomas, who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE. In 1612, the Dutch established themselves near Pulicat, union of Chennai. [ 64 ] On 20 August 1639 Francis Day of the East India Company along with the Nayak of Kalahasti Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, travelled to the Chandragiri palace for an audience with the Vijayanager Emperor Peda Venkata Raya. [ 65 ] Day was seeking to obtain a concede for land on the Coromandel seashore on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trade activities. He was successful in obtaining the lease of a strip of domain about 10 kilometres ( 6 nautical mile ) long and 1.6 kilometer ( 1 michigan ) inland in return for a annually summarize of five hundred hundred thousand pagoda. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] On 22 August, he secured the land concede from local anesthetic Nayak ( Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka and his younger brother Aiyappa Nayaka of Poonamallee ). [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The region was then once a fishing village known as “ Madraspatnam ”. [ 63 ] A year late, the Company built Fort St. George, the first major english settlement in India, [ 71 ] which became the core of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort. [ 72 ] Post independence the fortify housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the newly Secretariat build was opened in 2010, but shortly afterwards it was again moved back to Fort St. George, due to a change in the Government. [ 73 ] In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the french under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages. [ 64 ] The british regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the township ‘s fortress wall to withstand far attacks from the french and Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore. [ 74 ] They resisted a french siege try in 1759. [ 75 ] In 1769 the city was threatened by Mysore and the british were defeated by Hyder Ali, after which the Treaty of Madras ended the war. [ 76 ] By the eighteenth hundred, the british had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern–day states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital. [ 77 ]
Map of Madras, ca 1914 gradually, the city grew into a major naval base and became the central administrative center for the british in South India. [ 78 ] The city served as the baseline for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India started on 10 April 1802. [ 79 ] With the second coming of railways in India in the nineteenth century, the boom urban center was connected to other significant cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the backwoods. [ 80 ] Sir Arthur Lawley was Governor of Madras from 1906 to 1911 and promoted modern department of agriculture, industry, railways, education, the arts and more democratic administration. [ 81 ] The Governor lived in Government House, Fort St George, and had a country base at Guindy, with access to a golf course, field hockey pitches, riding stables and the Guindy Horse Racing Track. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] In the First World War as Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia, he looked after the benefit of indian soldiers. [ 84 ] Madras was the only indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I, [ 85 ] when an vegetable oil terminal was shelled by the german light cruiser SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the indian Ocean, causing disturbance to shipping. [ 86 ] After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969. [ 87 ] The violent agitations of 1965 against the compulsory imposition of Hindi and in support of English in India in the state marked a major stir in the political dynamics of the city and finally it had a adult shock on the wholly submit. Because of Madras and its people, English was not abolished as an official speech, and remains an official linguistic process of India aboard Hindi. [ 88 ] On 17 July 1996, the city known as Madras was formally renamed Chennai, in lineage with what was then a nationally course to using less anglicise names. [ 89 ] On 26 December 2004, an indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The 2015 Chennai Floods submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of ₹86.4 billion ( US $ 1 billion ). [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ]

environment

geography

Cooum River near its mouth in Chennai city Chennai is located on the south–eastern coast of India in the north–eastern part of Tamil Nadu on a compressed coastal apparent known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is about 6.7 metres ( 22 foot ), [ 95 ] and its highest indicate is 60 thousand ( 200 foot ). [ 96 ] Chennai is 2,184 kilometres ( 1,357 mile ) south of Delhi, 1,337 kilometres ( 831 mi ) southeast of Mumbai, and 1,707 kilometres ( 1,061 myocardial infarction ) southwest of Kolkata by road. Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum River ( or Koovam ) through the center and the Adyar River to the confederacy. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, travels through the northerly fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at Ennore. The estuary of this river is heavily polluted with effluents released by the industries in the region. [ 97 ] Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and barren from domestic and commercial sources, the Coumm being sol heavily polluted it is regarded as the city ‘s eyesore. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] A protected estuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals. [ 100 ] The Buckingham Canal, 4 kilometer ( 2.5 mile ) inland, runs twin to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east–west pour, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Some areas of the city have the problem of surfeit iron content in groundwater. [ 101 ]
Satellite image of Chennai Chennai ‘s territory is largely mud, shale and sandstone. [ 102 ] Clay underlies most of the city, chiefly Manali, Kolathur, Maduravoyal, K. K. Nagar, Tambaram, Mudichur, Pallavaram Semmencherry, Alapakkam, Vyasarpadi and Anna Nagar. Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts, and include areas such as Tiruvottiyur, George Town, Madhavaram, New Washermanpet, Chepauk, Mylapore, Porur, Adyar, Besant Nagar and Uthandi. In these areas, rain runoff percolates quickly through the dirt. Areas having hard rock airfoil include Guindy, Nanganallur, Pallikaranai, Alandur, Jaladampet, Velachery, Adambakkam and a part of Saidapet and Perungudi. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The ground water table in Chennai is at 4–5 m below grate in most of the areas, [ 104 ] which was well improved and maintained through the compulsory rain water harvesting organization. [ 105 ] Of the 24.87 kilometer coastline of the city, 3.08 kilometer experiences corrosion, with sandpaper accretion along the shoreline can be noticed at the Marina beach and the area between the Ennore Port and Kosasthalaiyar river. [ 106 ]

geology

Chennai is classified as being in Seismic Zone III, indicating a moderate risk of damage from earthquakes. [ 107 ] Owing to the geotectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a likely geothermal energy site. The crust has granite rocks indicating volcanic activities in the past. It is expected that temperatures of around 200 to 300 C° will be available if the ground were drilled 4 to 5 km deep. The region has the oldest rocks in the country dating back to about a billion years. [ 108 ]

Flora and fauna

The southerly extend of Chennai ‘s seashore from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favoured by the endangered olive ridley sea turtles to lay egg every winter. A large number of cattle egrets, pond herons and early waterbirds can be seen in the rivers of Cooum and Adyar. About 75,000 birds migrate to Chennai every year. [ 109 ] Marshy wetlands such as Pallikaranai besides play host to a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter. [ 110 ] Over 300 species of birds have been recorded in the city and its neighborhood by members of Madras Naturalists ‘ Society since its origin in 1978. Guindy National Park is a protected sphere within the city limits. Wildlife conservation and inquiry activities take seat at Arignar Anna Zoological Park including olive ridley sea turtleneck conservation. [ 111 ] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a herpetology research place, located 40 kilometres ( 25 security service ) south of Chennai. [ 112 ] The city ‘s tree report is estimated to be about 64.06 sq kilometer. [ 113 ] The most dominant allele corner species is the copper pod, followed by indian beech and Neem. A total of 121 species of trees belonging to 94 genus and 42 families are found in the city. [ 113 ] about half of the native implant species in the city ‘s wetlands have disappeared in holocene years. The city, which had 85 percentage of its area covered with aquatic plants until the 1970s, immediately has entirely 25 percentage of its area covered with such plants. [ 114 ]

environment conservation

Chennai has three rivers and many lakes spread across the city. urbanization has led to shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands. [ 115 ] The measure of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 to only 27 presently. [ 116 ] The Chennai River Restoration hope set up by the government is working on the restoration of Adyar river. [ 117 ] Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The invasion of urban growth on wetlands has gravely hampered the city ‘s sustainability, and contributed both to the city ‘s floods in 2015 and water scarcity crisis in 2019. [ 120 ] [ 121 ]

climate

Chennai has a dry-summer tropical besotted and dry climate under the ( Köppen climate classification ). The city lies on the thermal equator [ 122 ] and is besides on the seashore, which prevents extreme pas seul in seasonal temperature. The hottest part of the class is recently May to early June, known regionally as Agni Nakshatram ( “ fire star ” ) or as Kathiri Veyyil, [ 123 ] with maximum temperatures around 35–40 °C ( 95–104 °F ). The coolest partially of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 19–25 °C ( 66–77 °F ). The lowest record temperature was 13.9 °C ( 57.0 °F ) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905. [ 124 ] The highest record temperature was 45 °C ( 113 °F ) on 31 May 2003. [ 124 ] The average annual rain is about 140 centimeter ( 55 in ). [ 125 ] The city gets most of its seasonal rain from the north–east monsoon winds, from mid–October to mid–December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annual rain recorded is 257 centimeter ( 101 in ) in 2005. [ 126 ] Prevailing winds in Chennai are normally southwesterly between April and October [ 127 ] and north-easterly during the perch of the year. Historically, Chennai has relied on the annual rains of the monsoon season to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area. [ 128 ] Chennai has a urine table at 2 metres for 60 percentage of the year. [ 129 ]

NE monsoon

The city of Chennai is located on the east seashore of India, which is besides known as the Coromandel Coast. Chennai is largely dependant on NE monsoon, since 65 % of rains are received in this season. Cyclones and depressions are common features during the season. Cyclones, in detail, are specially irregular. They may even move towards Orissa, west Bengal, Bangladesh, and besides Myanmar. [ citation needed ] The season between October and December is referred as the NE monsoon period. [ 135 ] Floods are park during this period. In 2015 Chennai received record-breaking rains since 1918, which caused massive floods. The integral east coast is vulnerable to cyclones during the monsoon period. For exemplar, in 2007 a major cyclone named “ Cyclone Sidr “ skipped Chennai and headed towards Bangladesh. The consequence was a bankruptcy of NE monsoon in Chennai, that particular year. even in the past, there has been many occasions where cyclones had a great determine on the monsoon .

Land custom

As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 percentage, against the World Health Organization recommendation of 9 square metres of park covering per capita in cities. The city had a built-up area of 71 percentage. Waterbodies cover an estimate 6 percentage of the sum area, and at least 8 percentage of the area has classified as candid space. [ 136 ] As of 2017, the total volume of water harvested was 339 mcft and groundwater recharge was 170 mcft. [ 137 ]

government

Divisions of Chennai zone. Chennai city is governed by the Greater Chennai Corporation ( once “ Corporation of Madras ” ), which was established in 1688. It is the oldest survive municipal corporation in India and the irregular oldest surviving corporation in the world. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] In 2011, the legal power of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from 174 km2 ( 67 sq secret intelligence service ) to an area of 426 km2 ( 164 sq myocardial infarction ), [ 140 ] dividing into three regions—North, South and Central, which covers 200 wards. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] The pot is headed by a mayor, an position soon occupied by Saidai Sa. Duraisamy. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The Mayor and councillors of the city are elected through a popular vote by the residents. [ 145 ] While the city limit was expanded in 2011, the revised population is however to be officially announced. The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority ( CMDA ) is the nodal agency responsible for planning and development of Chennai Metropolitan Area, which is spread over an sphere of 1,189 km2 ( 459 sq nautical mile ), [ 146 ] covering the Chennai district and parts of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram and Chengalpattu districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called panchayats. Under the gamut of the CMDA are 5 parliamentary and 28 assembly constituencies. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] The CMDA has drafted an extra victor plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. The city ‘s adjacent satellite towns include Mahabalipuram in the confederacy, Chengalpattu and Maraimalai Nagar in the southwest, and Sriperumpudur, Arakkonam, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur to the west. [ 149 ] Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings in the Fort St George campus. The Madras High Court, is the highest judicial authority in the state of matter, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. [ 150 ] Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies— Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South —and elects 24 Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) to the state of matter legislature. [ 151 ]

law and order

The Greater Chennai Police is the independent jurisprudence enforcement means in the city, with a jurisdiction of over 745 km2 ( 288 sq security service ) provide to over 8.5 million people. It consists of 121 patrol stations and is headed by a commissioner of patrol. The Greater Chennai Police is a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, and the administrative control lies with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry. [ 152 ] Chennai City Traffic Police ( CCTP ) is responsible for the traffic management in the city. The metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, headed by the Chennai Police Commissionerate, and the out district areas of the CMDA are policed by the Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] [ 155 ]
A patrol patrol car As of 2011 ( prior to the expansion of Chennai Corporation area ), Chennai city has a approved lastingness of 14,000 police personnel. With a population concentration of 26,903 persons per square kilometer, the city had 1 policeman for every 413 people. The Chennai suburban patrol had about 4,093 police personnel and a ratio of 1:1,222. [ 156 ] In 2010, the crime rate in the city was 169.2 per 100,000 people, as against an modal of 341.9 in the 35 major cities of India. [ 157 ] In 2011, North Chennai zone had 30 police stations and 3 police out posts, Central Chennai zone had 28 patrol stations and 3 police out posts, and South Chennai partition had 30 police stations. [ 158 ] In 2009, Madras Central Prison, one of the oldest prisons in India, built over 11 acres ( 4 hour angle ) of country, was demolished ; the prisoners were moved to Puzhal Central Prison. [ 159 ]

Politics

Since the nineteenth hundred, when western scholars proposed that dravidian languages, which dominated the southerly region of India, formed a different linguistic group to that of the indo-european languages that are overriding in the north of the subcontinent, the aspects of Tamil patriotism gained prominence. This resulted in the Anti-Hindi agitations in the city and across the state. however, the post- Independence re-organisation of amerind states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has moderated Tamil patriotism, particularly the demand for separation from the Indian Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and more herculean political force in the state. The agitations of the 1960s played a crucial function in the get the better of of the Tamil Nadu Congress party in the 1967 elections and the continuing authority of dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu politics. [ 160 ]
Being the capital of the Madras Province that covered a huge area of the Deccan region, Chennai remained the center of politics in the southerly area of India during the british colonial era. After Independence, it remained the center of political activities of the state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the amerind National Congress, normally known as the Congress Party. Founded by indian and british members of the Theosophical Society movement, most notably A.O. Hume, [ 161 ] the mind was primitively conceived in a individual meeting of 17 men after a theosophical Convention held in the city in December 1884. [ 162 ] During the first 50 years of the indian National Congress, the city played horde to its conferences seven times in 1887, 1894, 1898, 1903, 1908, 1914 and 1927, becoming one of the strong bases for the indian independence movement. After independence, the city hosted the Congress in 1955 in its suburb of Avadi. [ 163 ] Chennai is besides the birthplace of several regional political movements since the british earned run average. South Indian Welfare Association, one of the earliest regional parties, was founded in 1916, which subsequently came to be known as the Justice Party, which was the main enemy party to the indian National Congress in the country. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] In 1944, the party was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam ( DK ) by E. V. Ramasami ( popularly known as ‘Periyar ‘ ). The party was a non-political party that demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. [ 166 ] however, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and C. N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ). The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956 .

utility services

The city ‘s water supply and sewage discussion are managed by the Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board. Water is drawn from Red Hills Lake and Chembarambakkam Lake, the primary urine reservoir of the city, [ 167 ] and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam [ 168 ] and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations. [ 169 ] The city receives 530 million liters per day ( mld ) of urine from Krishna River through Telugu Ganga project, 180 mld of water system from the Veeranam lake project [ 168 ] and 100 mld of urine from the Minjur desalination implant, the area ‘s largest sea urine desalination plant. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ] however, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 mld in 2026 as the need is projected at 2,248 mld and supply estimated at merely 1,535 mld. [ 173 ] The city ‘s sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifications in 1958. [ 174 ] There are 714 populace toilets in the city managed by the city corporation, [ 175 ] and 2,000 more have been planned by the pot. [ 176 ] The pot besides owns 52 community halls across the city. [ 177 ] The Corporation of Chennai provides civic services to the city. Garbage solicitation in some of the wards is contracted to Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, a private company, [ 178 ] while the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid thriftlessness in the others, [ 179 ] with a overseer engineer managing the channels. As of 2011, eight transmit stations exist within the city for treating the consume. [ 180 ] Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the city—One in Kodungaiyur and another in Pallikaranai, with a major part of the latter covering the Pallikaranai marsh. [ 181 ] In market areas, the conservancy exercise is done during the night. [ 182 ] Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board. [ 183 ] Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services. [ 184 ] The city, along with the suburb, has 33 operate fire stations. [ 185 ] The Chennai City region has 568 post offices, of which about 460 function from rented premises. [ 186 ]

computer architecture

exuberate of Labour With the history of many neighbourhoods of the city such as Mylapore, Triplicane, and Tiruvanmiyur antedating that of the city itself, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a across-the-board chronology. The oldest buildings in the city dates from the 7th and 8th centuries CE, which include the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in Mylapore and the Parthasarathy Temple in Triplicane, built in the dravidian computer architecture. This architecture includes respective styles, such as those of the Pallavas, the Cholas, and the Vijayanagara empires. The associate Agraharam architecture, which consists of traditional row houses surrounding a temple, can still be seen in these areas. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] The heritage temples at Mamallapuram at the outskirts of the city are some of the examples of the Pallava computer architecture. Chennai ranks second to Kolkata in having the largest collection of indian heritage buildings in the state. [ 189 ]
With the second coming of the Mugals and the british, the city saw a wax in a blend of Hindu, Islamic and Gothic revival styles, resulting in the distinct Indo-Saracenic computer architecture. [ 190 ] The computer architecture for several early institutions such as deposit and department of commerce, railways, press and education, chiefly through the colonial rule, followed the earlier directions of the Neo-Classical and the Indo-Saracenic. [ 191 ] The Chepauk Palace in the city, designed by Paul Benfield, is said to be the beginning Indo-Saracenic build up in India. [ 192 ] Since then, many of the colonial-era buildings in the city were designed in this style of architecture, which is most apparent around the Fort St. George built in 1640. Most of these were designed by English architects Robert Fellowes Chisholm and Henry Irwin. The best examples of this style include the Madras High Court ( built in 1892 ), Southern Railway headquarter, Ripon Building, Government Museum, Senate House of the University of Madras, Amir Mahal, Bharat Insurance Building, Victoria Public Hall and the College of Engineering. [ 193 ] The Triumph of Labour, besides known as the Labour statue, at the Marina Beach is an important landmark of Chennai. [ 194 ]
The construction of the National Art Gallery in Madras was completed in 1909. The newly construction, with a distinct façade, was built of pink sandstone brought from Sathyavedu, and formed region of the Madras Museum campus. It was opened, on 23 January 1909, by the Governor of Fort St. George, Sir Arthur Lawley, and called the Victoria Memorial Hall after the Queen-Empress Victoria. [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] The residential architecture in the city was based on the bungalow or the continuous row firm prototypes. [ 191 ] Gothic revival stylus buildings include the Chennai Central and Chennai Egmore railway stations. The Santhome Church, which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523 and is believed to sign of the zodiac the remains of the apostle St. Thomas, was rebuilt in 1893 in neo-Gothic style. [ 198 ] By the early on twentieth hundred, the art deco besides made its entry upon the city ‘s urban landscape. From the 1930s onwards, many buildings in George Town were built in this style, including the United India build ( presently caparison the Life Insurance Corporation of India ( LIC ) ) and the Burma Shell build up ( presently the Chennai House ), both built in the 1930s, and the Dare House, built in 1940. other examples include the Bombay Mutual building ( presently house LIC ) and the South indian Chamber of Commerce build up. [ 191 ] After Independence, the city witnessed a rise in the Modernism style of computer architecture. [ 191 ] The completion of the LIC Building in 1959, the tallest construct in the nation at that time, [ 199 ] marked the passage from lime-and-brick construction to concrete column in the region. [ 200 ] The bearing of the weather radar at the Chennai Port, however, prohibited the construction of buildings improbable than 60 meter around a radius of 10 km for several decades that followed. [ 201 ] In addition, the floor-area ratio ( FAR ) in the cardinal business zone is besides 1.5, much less than that of smaller cities of the country. This resulted in the city expanding horizontally, unlike early metropolitan cities where erect emergence was big. On the contrary, the peripheral regions, specially on the southern and south-western sides, began experiencing vertical emergence with the construction of buildings up to 60 floors. Within the business district area, the 48-storied Highliving District Tower H remains the tallest construct at 161 metres. [ 202 ]

Demographics

population

A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] [ 212 ] According to 2011 census, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within an area of 174 square kilometres administered by the Municipal Corporation, working out a population density of 26,705 persons per square kilometer ; [ 213 ] that had 11 hundred thousand households, with 51 % of them living in lease houses. [ 214 ] The city ‘s limits were expanded late in 2011 to 426 square kilometres and its population reached 7,088,000, [ 17 ] resulting in a population density of 16,639 persons per square kilometer, with Chennai Municipal Corporation being renamed as Greater Chennai Corporation. [ 17 ] As of 2019, 712,000 families live below poverty line, which is about 40 percentage of the 1.788 million families in the city. [ 215 ]

Languages

Tamils form the majority of Chennai ‘s population. English is spoken largely by white-collar workers, [ 216 ] often desegregate into Tamil. [ 217 ] In 2001, out of the 2,937,000 migrants ( 33.8 % of its population ) in the city, 61.5 % were from other parts of the state, 33.8 % were from respite of India and 3.7 % were from outside the nation. [ 218 ] As per the 2001 census, the act of speakers mother tongue knowing are as follows, Tamil is spoken by 3,424,107 ( 78.8 % ), followed by Telugu by 419,209 ( 9.7 % ), Urdu by 180,245 ( 4.1 % ), Malayalam by 113,828 ( 2.6 % ), Hindi by 104,084 ( 2.4 % ), and Kannada by 22,250 ( 0.5 % ). [ 219 ] Korean, japanese, french, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, German and Spanish are some of the languages spoken by the 250,000 alien expatriates residing in the city. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] [ 224 ]

religion and ethnicity

Chennai, along with Bengaluru, Mumbai and Delhi, is one of the few indian cities that are home to a divers population of ethno-religious communities. [ 226 ] Minorities include Telugus, Marwaris, Gujaratis, Parsis, [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Sindhis, [ 229 ] [ 230 ] Odias, [ 231 ] Goans, [ 232 ] Kannadigas, [ 233 ] Anglo-Indians, [ 234 ] Bengalis, [ 235 ] Punjabi, [ 236 ] and Malayalees. As per the religious census of 2011, Chennai ‘s population was 80.73 % Hindu, 9.45 % Muslim, 7.72 % Christian, 1.11 % Jain, 0.06 % Sikh, 0.06 % Buddhist, < 0.04 % followed early religions and 0.83 % followed no religion or did not indicate any religious preference. [ 225 ]

Housing

In a 2013 review titled ‘Emerging trends in real estate in Asia Pacific 2014 ‘, Chennai emerged in the circus tent 25 real estate of the realm destinations list in the Asia Pacific region. The city ranked 22nd in the list. [ 237 ] There are about 1,240 slums in Chennai home to about 900,000 people. [ 238 ] Per 2011 census, there are 1.1 million households in the city and the residential house neckcloth available is 1,150,000 – a excess of about 50,000 houses. About 43,700 of them are retain vacant. In the suburb of Chennai located in Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts, the figures of vacant houses 56,000 and 71,000, respectively. Of the existing house stock in the city, about 200,000 houses are not in thoroughly condition, necessitating either to rebuild or build new units. About 26,000 households live in houses without any board and another 427,000 families ( with an average size of five members ) live in small dwelling units with only one room. An earlier appraisal shows that there is a indigence to generate about 420,000 units for low-income groups by 2016. [ 239 ] As of 2012, an estimate population of 11,116 ( 0.16 percentage ) were dispossessed. Per Supreme Court guidelines, the city needs 65 shelters for the homeless. however, it has only 15, of which eight are functioning and two are under renovation. [ 240 ] As of 2017, there are more than 2.2 million households, with 40 percentage of the residents not owning a house. [ 241 ]

Arts and culture

Museums and art galleries

National Art Gallery ( Chennai ) Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and early institutions, many of which are complimentary of admission charges and are major tourist attractions vitamin a well as playing a research character. [ 242 ] The city besides has one of the oldest museums and artwork galleries in the state – Government Museum, Chennai and The National Art Gallery ( Chennai ), [ 243 ] established in the early eighteenth century. [ 244 ]

The city besides hosts two artwork festivals annually. The “ Fort Museum ” inside the premises of Fort St. George is an important museum having a noteworthy collection of objects of the british era in its collection. [ 245 ] The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the contract of India ‘s Independence on 15 August 1947. [ 246 ]

Music and performing arts

MGR Memorial at Marina beach, Chennai Chennai is a major centre for music, art and polish in India. [ 247 ] The city is known for its authoritative dancing shows. In 1930, for the inaugural time in India, Madras University introduced a run of music, as separate of the Bachelor of Arts course of study. [ 248 ] The Madras Music Season, initiated by Madras Music Academy in 1927, is celebrated every year during the calendar month of December. [ 249 ] It features performances of traditional Carnatic music by many artists in and around the city. [ 250 ] The independent tribe music in Chennai is Gaana, a combination of versatile family musics sung chiefly sung in the propertyless area of North Chennai. [ 251 ] An arts festival called the Chennai Sangamam, which showcases not only respective artwork of Tamil Nadu, but besides from the neighbouring states, like kalari ( from Kerala ), which is a major attraction, is held in January every year. The Speciality of Chennai Sangamam is that the versatile programmes are held near or at the respective celebrated landmarks in the city then that everyone in the city has access to the programmes and there is no fee charged for entry for any of the programmes. [ 252 ] Pookolam, a form of art that uses coloured flour to create patterns and designs, comes from Kerala, but can be seen in abundance at the time of Onam. [ 253 ] The city has a divers field scene and is one of the crucial centres for Bharata Natyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance of India. [ 254 ] An authoritative cultural center for Bharata Natyam is Kalakshetra, on the beach in the south of the city. [ 255 ] In 2012, a group of five Bharatha Natyam dancers from Chennai performed at the India Campaign during the 2012 Summer Olympics. [ 256 ] Chennai has been featured in UNESCO Creative Cities Network ( UCCN ) list since October 2017 for its century-old melodious custom. [ 39 ] Chennai is besides home to some choirs, who during the Christmas season degree respective carol performances across the city in Tamil and English. [ 257 ] [ 258 ]

cityscape

Chennai is divided into four broad regions : North, Central, South, and West. North Chennai is chiefly an industrial area. South Chennai and West Chennai, previously by and large residential, are fast becoming commercial, home to a growing number of information technology firms, fiscal companies and call centres. The city is expanding quickly along the Old Mahabalipuram Road and the Grand Southern Trunk Road ( GST Road ) in the south and towards Ambattur, Koyambedu and Sriperumbdur in the west. [ 259 ] Central Chennai comprises residential elements, but is chiefly dwelling to the downtown area, and surrounding areas, the most visit by travellers to the city. The fiscal district is besides located here. [ 260 ]

economy

corporate headquarter of the $ 10 billion Murugappa Group in Chennai recent estimates of the economy of the integral Chennai Metropolitan Area range from $ 78.6 to $ 86 billion ( PPP GDP ), ranking it from fourth- to sixth-most fat metro area of India. [ 21 ] Chennai has a broad industrial root in the automobile, computer, engineering, hardware fabricate and healthcare sectors. As of 2012, the city is India ‘s second-largest exporter of data technology ( IT ) and clientele serve outsource ( BPO ) services. [ 261 ] [ 262 ] A major part of India ‘s car industry is located in and around the city thus earning it the dub “ Detroit of India “. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 263 ] Known as the Gateway of South India [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Chennai is the third-most chew the fat city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor. [ 24 ] The city is besides called the Cultural Capital of South India. [ 12 ] The city was home to the Madras Stock Exchange, India ‘s fourth stock exchange, one of four permanently recognised by SEBI, and India ‘s third-largest by deal book, ranked behind the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India. [ 264 ] industrialization in the city dates back to the sixteenth century, when fabric mills manufactured goods which were exported to British during its war with France. According to Forbes magazine, Chennai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the global and is ranked among the “ Forbes-Top 10 Fastest Growing Cities in the World ”. [ 265 ] It is rank fourth in hosting the maximum number of Fortune 500 companies of India, following merely to Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. It besides is home to 24 indian companies having a net worth of more than US $ 1 billion. As of 2012, the city has about 34,260 identify companies in its 15 zones, of which 5,196 companies have a paid-up the capital of over ₹ 50 hundred thousand. [ 266 ]
Chennai has a diversify economic base anchored by the car, software services, hardware manufacture, health care and fiscal services industries. [ 261 ] According to the Confederation of amerind Industry, Chennai is estimated to grow to a US $ 100 billion economy, 2.5 times its present size, by the class 2025. [ 267 ] As of 2012, with ₹ 1 hundred thousand crore investment in the pipeline over 5 years, the city is poised for major industrial investment. [ 268 ] Chennai is classified as a ball-shaped city by GaWC, with a rank of Beta [ 269 ] based on the extent of ball-shaped scope and fiscal influence. [ 270 ] It is estimated that about 400 fiscal industry businesses are headquartered in the city, [ 271 ] half of which are located in the areas of Mylapore, R. A. Puram, Nungambakkam and T. Nagar. [ 272 ] The city is basis to around 40 percentage of India ‘s automobile diligence and 45 percentage of car components industry. [ 273 ] A large number of automotive companies including Royal enfield, Hyundai, Renault, Robert Bosch, Nissan Motors, Ashok Leyland, Yamaha Motor, Daimler AG, Caterpillar Inc., Komatsu Limited, BharatBenz, Ford, BMW, Citroën and Mitsubishi have manufacturing plants in Chennai. [ 274 ] The Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi produces military vehicles, including India ‘s main battle tank : Arjun MBT. [ 275 ] The Integral Coach Factory manufactures railway coaches and early rolling stock for indian Railways. [ 276 ] The Ambattur–Padi industrial zone houses many textile manufacturers, and a particular economic zone ( SEZ ) for apparel and footwear fabrication has been set up in the southerly suburb of the city. [ 277 ] Chennai contributes more than 50 percentage of India ‘s leather exports. [ 278 ] many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai, which contributed 14 percentage of India ‘s total software exports of ₹ 14,42,140 hundred thousand during 2006–07, making it the second largest indian city software exporter following Bangalore. [ 261 ] The Tidel Park in Chennai was billed as Asia ‘s largest IT park when it was built. [ 279 ] [ 280 ] Major software companies have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest floor. [ 262 ]
outstanding fiscal institutions, including the World Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN AMRO, Bank of America, The Royal Bank of Scotland, Goldman Sachs, Barclays, HSBC, ING Group, Allianz, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, Asian Development Bank, Credit Suisse, BNP Paribas Fortis, Irevna, Deutsche Bank and Citibank have back office and development center operations in the city. [ 281 ] Chennai is home to the national tied commercial banks indian Bank [ 282 ] and indian Overseas Bank [ 283 ] [ 284 ] and many state level co–operative banks, finance and policy companies. Telecom and Electronics manufacturers based in and around Chennai include Samsung, Nokia Siemens, Motorola, Lenovo, Dell, Force10, Wipro, Flextronics and Siemens among others. Chennai is presently the largest electronics hardware exporter in India, accounting for 45 % of the total exports in 2010–11. [ 285 ] Telecom giants Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, pharmaceuticals giant Pfizer and chemicals colossus Dow Chemicals have inquiry and development facilities in Chennai. The TICEL bio–tech park at Taramani [ 286 ] and Golden Jubilee bio–tech park at Siruseri [ 287 ] houses biotechnology companies and laboratories. Chennai has a stock commute called the Madras Stock Exchange. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] The World Trade Center building complex is located at Perungudi on the southern side of the city. [ 290 ] According to Jones Lang LaSalle, demand for investment-grade buildings in Chennai is high from IT companies. The average annual gross demand in Chennai is 4.5 million feather feet. [ 290 ]
A study conducted by the National Housing Bank on the residential price index of indian cities showed that Chennai experienced the highest emergence after the fiscal crisis of 2007–2008. [ 291 ] Medical tourism is an important contribution of Chennai ‘s economy with 45 percentage of total medical tourists to India making to Chennai. [ 292 ] The Tamil film industry [ 293 ] and the Tamil television industry are besides significant parts of Chennai ‘s economy. The city besides has a permanent exhibition complex in Nandambakkam called the Chennai Trade Centre. [ 294 ] It hosted the Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet in 2019 which was a commercial enterprise summit organised by the Government of Tamil Nadu. [ 295 ] With 385 ultra-rich living in the city as of 2013, Chennai is positioned in the sixth place among amerind cities that are home to the area ‘s super-rich. [ 296 ] The city is the third gear largest market in India for luxury cars. [ 297 ]

bank and finance

World Bank Office in Chennai The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chennai as third-largest down payment concentrate and third-largest credit kernel countrywide as of June 2012. Prior to the advent of modern commercial banks, the banking services in the city were offered to the public by Nattukottai Chettiars or Nagarathars, chiefly in and around the vicinity of George Town, who offered loans deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as accept money deposits from the public, in addition to offering loans to the agrarian labourers. even today, many of the banking offices are housed in heritage structures belonging to the colonial earned run average that are chiefly clustered around Rajaji Road in George Town. [ 298 ] Chennai is home to the first European-style banking system in India with the establishment of the ‘Madras Bank ‘ on 21 June 1683, about a century before the establishment of the first commercial banks, such as the Bank of Hindustan and the General Bank of India, which were established in 1770 and 1786, respectively. [ 299 ] Upon the recommendation of the british Finance Committee on the formation of a government deposit, the Madras Bank, then known as the ‘Government Bank ‘, started functioning again from 1806. In 1843, the bank merged with the Carnatic Bank ( 1788 ), the british Bank of Madras ( 1795 ) and the Asiatic Bank ( 1804 ) and became the Bank of Madras, which was one of the three Presidency banks of India, the other two being the Bank of Bengal and the Bank of Bombay. In 1921, the three Presidency banks merged to form the Imperial Bank of India, which belated became the State Bank of India in 1955. [ 300 ] Chennai is the headquarters of the Indian Bank, the indian Overseas Bank and the once Bharat Overseas Bank, which merged with the indian Overseas Bank in 2007. [ 301 ] The city is home to the south zonal position of the Reserve Bank of India, the area ‘s cardinal deposit, along with its zonal training center and Reserve Bank Staff College, one of the two colleges of the bank. [ 302 ] The city besides houses the permanent wave back agency of the World Bank, which is one of the largest buildings owned by the bank outside its headquarters in Washington, DC. [ 303 ] The Chennai office handles corporate fiscal, accounting, administrative and IT services of the bank, in addition to several value-added operations of the bank that were earlier handled merely in its Washington, DC function, including the bank ‘s analytic function in adhere evaluation which is estimated to be US $ 100 billion. [ 304 ] several foreign banks have established their branches in the city. The first Sri Lankan Bank in India was established when the Bank of Ceylon opened its branch in Madras on 31 October 1995. [ 305 ]

infrastructure

communication

Chennai is one of four indian cities connected to the rest of the world by submarine fiber-optic cables, the other three being Mumbai, Kochi, and Tuticorin. The city is the landing point of major submarine telecommunication cable television networks such as SMW4 ( connecting India with Western Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia ), i2i ( connecting India with Singapore ), TIC ( connecting India with Singapore ), BBG ( connecting India with the Sultanate of Oman, Malaysia, the UAE, and Sri Lanka ), and BRICS ( connecting India with Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa ). The 3,175-km-long, 8-fiber-paired i2i has the world ‘s largest design capacity of 8.4 terabits per second. [ 306 ] [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] work to lay a 2,300-km submarine ocular submarine cable connecting Andaman and Nicobar Islands to mainland India through Chennai, carrying 100 Gb/sec ocular waves, is slated to begin in December 2019 and completed by March 2020. It will connect Port Blair and the islands of Havelock, Little Andaman ( Hutbay ), Car Nicobar, Kamorta, Great Nicobar, Long Island and Rangat with indian mainland. [ 310 ] As of 2013, eight mobile call military service companies operate seven GSM networks including Airtel, Aircel, BSNL, Vodafone, Tata Docomo GSM, Idea, Reliance GSM and three CDMA networks including MTS, Relaince CDMA, Tata Docomo CDMA in the city. 2G fluid internet connections are provided by all the operators, and 3G and 4G mobile broadband are provided by few operators in the city. There are four land line companies [ 311 ] [ 312 ] providing commercial and domestic broadband Internet services. Chennai was the beginning indian city to deploy Wi-Fi internet access in a far-flung manner. [ 313 ] As of 2010, there were 9.8 million mobile phone users in Chennai. [ 314 ] In 2010, Chennai had the fourth highest number of active voice Internet users in India, with 2.2 million users. [ 315 ] As of 2018, the city topped in broadband accelerate among indian cities, with a record download speed of 32.67 Mbit/s. [ 316 ]

world power

major baron plants in the city include North Chennai Thermal Power Station, GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Power Station, Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station, Madras Atomic Power Station and Vallur Thermal Power Project. According to the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited ( TANGEDCO ), as of 2013, the city consumes about 20 percentage of the electricity in the state of matter of Tamil Nadu. The point evening demand of the city is 1,500 MW which is about 50 percentage of the country ‘s bill evening demand of 3,000 megawatt. This includes 37 percentage pulmonary tuberculosis by the industrial sector, 30 percentage by the domestic sector, 18 percentage by the agrarian sector, and 11.5 percentage by the commercial sector. The peak baron consumption is for four months between May and August, with the city consuming the highest during June because it is when the summer peaks. On 20 June 2013, the city consumed the highest of 52,785 MU. [ 317 ] As of 2014, the city consumes around 3.83 crore units of power a day or 1,400 crore units annually. hourly pulmonary tuberculosis of exponent in the city is about 2,000 to 3,000 MW. [ 318 ] Availability of power in the city has become a concern in recent years due to increasing demand and slow pace accession of might plants, due to which schedule might cuts have become increasingly coarse. however, this situation was eradicated by the end of 2014. [ 319 ] [ 320 ] As of 2016, the total electricity pulmonary tuberculosis by the street lamps in the city is 27 MW, costing about ₹ 60,000,000 per calendar month. [ 321 ] The 426 sq kilometer of the city has over 248,000 streetlights, including 88,000 in the newly expanded areas. [ 322 ]

Health wish

Government General Hospital Chennai is known for its progress medical facilities, including both government-run and private hospitals. The government-aided hospitals include General Hospital, Adyar Cancer Institute, TB Sanatorium, and National Institute of Siddha. The National Institute of Siddha is one of the seven apex national-level educational institutions that promote excellence in amerind organization of medicate and Ayurveda. [ 323 ] major hospitals in Chennai include Apollo Hospitals, Apollo Speciality Hospital, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chettinad Health City, MIOT Hospitals, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Fortis Malar Hospital, Lifeline Hospitals, Vasan Healthcare, Dr Mehta Hospitals, Global Hospitals & Health City, Sankara Nethralaya and Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust. [ 324 ] Chennai attracts about 45 percentage of health tourists from overseas and 30 percentage to 40 percentage of domestic health tourists. The city has been termed India’s health capital. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The city has more than 12,500 beds in its hospitals, [ 325 ] including about 5,000 in multi-specialty hospitals in the secret sector and over 6,000 beds in the populace sector. [ 326 ] This works to 2.1 beds per 1,000 population against the national average of less than one seam per 1,000 population and the World Health Organization ‘s norms of three beds per 1,000 persons, higher than any other city in the country .

Waste management

The city generates 4,500 tonnes of drivel every day of which 429 tonnes are formative lay waste to. [ 327 ] The city has three dumpyards, one each at Perungudi, Kodungaiyur, and Pallikaranai. The pot has planned to close these yards and create four fresh dumpyards at Malaipattu, Minjur, Vallur and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from 20 acres ( 8 hour angle ) to 100 acres ( 40 hour angle ). [ 328 ] [ 329 ] The civil torso besides spends ₹ 400 crore a year on solid-waste management. [ 330 ]

tourism and cordial reception

With temples, beaches and centres of diachronic and cultural meaning, including the UNESCO Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram, Chennai is one of the most-visited cities in India. The city serves as the gateway to the southern part of India with tourists landing in the city and then visiting the rest of the area. Chennai was the most-visited indian city by foreign tourists in 2009 and issued the third-highest number of visa on arrival in 2014. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] In 2011, Chennai was ranked the 41st most chew the fat city, with 3,174,500 tourists, a 14-percent increase from 2010. [ 333 ] About 830,620 domestic tourists arrived in Chennai in March 2011. [ 9 ] Chennai ‘s run tourist countries-of-origin are Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. In 2015, the city received 4,243,700 foreign tourists, making it the third-most-visited city in India after Delhi and Mumbai and 43rd-most visit city in the world by alien tourists. [ 24 ] As of 2012, the city had 21 luxury hotels in the five-star class, with over 4,500 rooms in the armory. [ 334 ] The collective luxury room inventory across four- and five-star categories as of 2018 is around 7,000. [ 335 ] About 85 percentage of the room demand in Chennai comes from clientele travellers. [ 336 ]

entertainment

Marina Beach is a celebrated landmark in the city. Chennai is the base for Tamil cinema, sometimes nicknamed as Kollywood, alluding to the vicinity of Kodambakkam where a number of film studios are located. many film personalities have gone on to become politicians including C. N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi, M. G. Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa. [ 337 ] Chennai hosts major film studios, including AVM Productions, the oldest survive studio in India. [ 338 ] As of 2012, there are 120 film screens and multiplexes. major multiplexes include Sathyam Cinemas, Escape film, Devi and Mayajaal. [ 339 ] Chennai ‘s expansive theater network stages many Tamil plays of many genres : political sarcasm, slapstick drollery, history, mythology and drama. [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] English plays are popular in the city, along with the more park Tamil-language plays. [ 343 ]

diversion

The menagerie, beaches and wildlife parks form the primary refreshment areas of the city. Chennai has a 19+ kilometer coastline with its pot limits. The city boasts two popular beaches, the Marina and the Elliot ‘s. The Marina spans 13 kilometer ( 8.1 nautical mile ) between the deltas of Cooum and Adyar, and is the second-longest urban beach in the world. [ 344 ] Elliot ‘s Beach lies south of the Adyar delta. Covelong Beach lies along the Coromandal Coast. [ 345 ] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a reptile menagerie located 40 kilometres ( 25 secret intelligence service ) south of the city covering an area of 8.5 acres ( 3.4 hour angle ) and had over 450,000 visitors in 2007. The center has one of the populace ‘s largest collections of reptiles and has bred 14 of the 23 existing species of crocodiles and alligators. [ 346 ] The Arignar Anna Zoological Park, one of the largest zoological park in the populace, per annum attracts closely 2 million visitors. [ 347 ] Guindy National Park, a protected area of Tamil Nadu, has a children ‘s park and a snake park, which gained statutory realization as a medium menagerie from the Central Zoo Authority of India in 1995. Chennai is one of the few cities in the earth to accommodate a national park, the Guindy National Park, within its limits. [ 348 ] An calculate 4.5 percentage of the city ‘s area is under green overlay. [ 349 ] This enables birding. The seven zones of the erstwhile corporation limits have about 260 parks, many of which suffer inadequate sustenance. [ 350 ] The city has a per caput park quad of 0.41 sq meter, which is the least among all metros in India. [ 350 ] The eight zones in the newly added areas of the city have about 265 locations that have been identified for development of newfangled parks. [ 351 ] The largest parking lot is the 358-acre Tholkappia Poonga, developed to restore the flimsy ecosystem of the Adyar estuary. [ 352 ] The gardening department-owned Semmoli Poonga is a 20-acre business district botanic garden. [ 353 ] Chennai houses several composition parks, namely MGM Dizzee World and Queen ‘s Land. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] however, respective fateful accidents have occurred in the theme parks. [ 356 ] Wonderla plans to open an amusement parking lot in 2017. [ 357 ] other authoritative refreshment centres include Madras Boat Club, which is over 140 years old, and Gymkhana Club, which is celebrated for its 18-hole golf courses. Built in 1867, Madras Boat Club is the second-oldest survive indian rowing golf club. [ 358 ]

Shopping

Chennai is home to several malls, due to its condition as an IT hub. [ 359 ] [ 360 ] [ 361 ] Major ones include Express Avenue ( EA ), Citi Centre, Abirami mega plaza, Spencer Plaza, Ampa Skywalk, Phoenix Market City and Forum Vijaya Mall. [ 362 ] Chennai is an authoritative aureate market in India contributing to 45 percentage of the 800-tonne annual national gold uptake. [ 363 ] The city is besides the base to the World Gold Council ‘s India operations. The city ‘s retail diligence is majorly concentrated in T. Nagar which accounts for major partake jewelry and clothes sold in Chennai. [ 363 ] According to the 2012 report by property adviser Cushman & Wakefield, Main Streets Across the World, Khader Nawaz Khan Road at Nungambakkam ranked tenth position in the list of ‘Top 10 Global Highest Retail Rental Growth Markets 2012 ‘, with 36.7 percentage startle in rents. [ 364 ]

conveyance

Air

The Chennai International Airport is the fourth-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic behind New Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. It handled about 15.2 million passengers in 2013–2014 ; [ 78 ] [ 365 ] [ 366 ] in terms of international passengers, Chennai is the third-busiest airport behind Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi, and Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai. [ 367 ] Chennai handles 400 flights a day, again placing it fourth among indian airports. The city is connected to major hubs across Asia, Europe, Middle East and Africa through more than 30 national and international carriers. [ 368 ] The existing airport is undergo modernization and expansion with an accession of 1,069.99 acres ( 433.01 hour angle ), while a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an calculate price of ₹ 2,000 crore in Sriperumbudur on 4,200 acres ( 17 km2 ) of state. [ 369 ] The newfangled airport is said to be probably to handle cargo spillover traffic from the existing one. [ 370 ]

rail

Chennai hosts the headquarters of the Southern Railway. The city has four main railway terminals. Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Chennai Beach and Tambaram. Chennai Central station, the city ‘s largest, provides countrywide access, [ 371 ] whereas Chennai Egmore provides entree to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu ; however, it besides handles a few inter–state trains. A fifth terminal has been proposed to decongest Chennai Central. [ 372 ] The Chennai suburban railroad track network, one of the oldest in the area, facilitates department of transportation within the city. It consists of four 5 foot 6 in ( 1,676 millimeter ) broad gauge sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namely chennai Central and Chennai Beach. While three sectors are operated on-grade, the one-fourth sector is primarily an elevated railway corridor, linking Chennai Beach to Velachery and is connected with the rest of the rail network .

Metro rail

Chennai Metro is a rapid-transit system serving the city and was partially commenced on 29 June 2015. To improve the city ‘s public transportation system and prepare the city for the future commuting needs, the Chennai Metro was planned and approved by the state cabinet during 2007 for which construction began on 2009. [ 373 ] Phase I of the Chennai Metro network consists of the Blue Line and the green Line covering a distance of 45.1 kilometres ( 28.0 nautical mile ) consist of 40 stations with Alandur and Chennai Central serving as interchanges. 55 % of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the lie are elevated. The first load of Phase I, covering seven stations from Koyambedu to Alandur over a distance of 10 kilometres ( 6.2 nautical mile ), began operation on 29 June 2015. As of March 2019, the entire Phase 1 stretching from Chennai Central to Alandur on the green line and Washermanpet to Chennai International Airport on Blue line are commercially functional, bringing the total operational network over 45 km. With this, the entirety of Phase I is operational. In December 2016, Chennai Metro Rail Limited ( CMRL ) announced the Phase-2 of Chennai Metro for a distance of 104 km consisting of 104 stations, subject to approval from the State and Central governments. The Phase 2 was subsequently approved in late 2018, with certain provision, and land quiz for the assorted stations are in full swing with structure set to begin in late 2019/ early 2020. [ 374 ] As of April 2019 ridership has risen well to around 100,000 casual commuters, post the inauguration of the integral phase I. [ 375 ] Phase I-A, which is an extension of the Blue line from Washermanpet to Thiruvottiyur is expected to be inaugurated by June 2020. [ 376 ]

road

As of 2019, the city corporation maintains about 471 bus route roads and 33,0000 interior roads. [ 377 ] The Chennai–Mumbai and Chennai–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral system of National Highways start from the city. [ 378 ] In summation, four major National Highways ( NH ), namely, NH 4 to Mumbai ( via Bangalore and Pune ), NH 5 to Kolkata ( linked via NH 6 ) ( via Visakhapatnam and Bhubaneswar ), NH 45 to Theni ( via Villupuram, Tiruchirapalli and Dindigul ) and NH 205 to Madanapalle ( via Tirupati ) originate in the city, connecting it to other indian cities. Chennai is connected to other parts of the state of matter and the Union Territory of Puducherry by state highways. [ 379 ] The government has constructed mark separators and flyovers at major intersections, and built Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] The Gemini flyover, built in 1973, crosses over the arterial road, and eases the traffic movements towards Anna Salai and towards the Kathipara Flyover. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] As of 2011, according to the Transport Department, there were 25.8 hundred thousand two–wheelers and 5.6 hundred thousand four–wheelers in the city, and the Metropolitan Transport Corporation ( MTC ) bus fleet were 3,421, equaling 0.1 % of all vehicles in the city. [ 382 ] When opened, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus ( CMBT ) was the largest bus place in Asia. [ 4 ] [ 383 ] It is the independent intercity bus topology post of Chennai, [ 384 ] administered by seven government-owned transportation corporations, which operate intercity and interstate bus services. There are many secret bus companies. The MTC provides an exclusive intracity busbar service, consisting of 3,421 buses on 724 routes, which provides fare to 55.2 hundred thousand passengers day by day. [ 380 ] [ 385 ] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates Volvo air-conditioned services from Chennai to nearby Pondicherry, Vellore, Hosur and Trichy. [ 386 ] The other means of road tape drive in the city include vans, regionally known as Maxi Cabs, car rickshaws, on-call metered taxis and tourist cab. [ 387 ] Chennai out ring road is 62.3 kilometer long connecting NH 45 ( GST Road ) at Perungalathur, NH 4 ( GWT Road ) at Nazarathpet, NH 205 ( CTH Road ) at Nemilicherry ( Thiruninravur ), NH 5 ( GNT Road ) at Nallur and TPP road at Minjur under the process by Chennai Metropolitan Area .

Sea

The city is served by two major ports, Chennai Port, one of the largest artificial ports in India, and Ennore Port. Chennai Port is the largest in the Bay of Bengal, with an annual cargo tonnage of 61.46 million ( 2010–2011 ), and the second-largest container-hub in India, with an annual container bulk of 1.523 million TEUs ( 2010–2011 ). The port handles transportation of automobiles, motorcycles and cosmopolitan industrial cargo. [ 78 ] The Ennore Port with an annual cargo tonnage of 11.01 million ( 2010–2011 ), handles coal, ore and other majority and rock mineral products. [ 388 ] Royapuram fishing harbor is used by fishing boats and Kattupalli Shipyard near Ennore Port was inaugurated in January 2013. [ 389 ] [ 390 ]

Media

Newspaper publication started in Chennai with the plunge of a weekly, The Madras Courier, in 1785. [ 391 ] It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazette and The Government Gazette in 1795. The Spectator, founded in 1836, was the first base english newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an indian and became the city ‘s first daily newspaper in 1853. [ 392 ] The foremost Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899. [ 391 ] First Telugu journal printed from Madras was Satya Doota in 1835 and Andhra Patrika found in 1908 was the most successful Telugu newspaper from Madras. [ 393 ] [ 394 ]
The major english dailies published in Chennai are The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India and many more. The even dailies are, The Trinity Mirror and News Today. As of 2004, The Hindu was the city ‘s most read english newspaper, with a daily circulation of 267,349. [ 395 ] The major business dailies published from the city are The Economic Times, The Hindu Business Line, Business Standard, Mint and The Financial Express. The major Tamil dailies include the Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, Dina Mani, Dina Malar, The Hindu Tamil, [ 396 ] Tamil Murasu, Makkal Kural and Malai Malar. Malayala Manorama and Mathrubhumi are the major Malayalam dailies while major Telugu dailies include Eenadu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi and Sakshi. [ 397 ] The one and merely Hindi Newspaper published from Chennai is the Rajasthan Patrika. [ 398 ] The local hebdomadally Newspapers circulated to residents are T. Nagar Times, Pillar Times, Arcot Road Talk, Chrompet Times. [ 399 ] Chennai ‘s First Corporate Leisure Newspaper, The Shopping Express. [ 400 ] Magazines published from Chennai include Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kalki, Kungumam, Puthiya Thalaimurai, Thuglak, Frontline and Sportstar Doordarshan runs two tellurian television channels and two satellite television receiver channels from its Chennai center, which was set up in 1974. Private Tamil satellite television networks such as Sun television receiver, Raj TV, Zee Tamizh, Star Vijay, Jaya TV, Makkal TV, Vasanth TV, Kalaignar TV, Captain television and PuthiyaThalaimurai TV broadcast out of Chennai. The Sun Network one of India ‘s largest air companies is based in the city. While the cable television service is entirely controlled by the department of state politics, [ 401 ] direct–to–home ( DTH ) is available via DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon DTH, Sun direct DTH, Reliance Big television and Digital TV. [ 402 ] [ 403 ] Chennai is the first base city in India to have implemented the Conditional Access System for cable television. [ 404 ] Radio circulate began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club. [ 405 ] The radio station at the Rippon Buildings complex was founded in 1930 and was then shifted to All India Radio in 1938. [ 391 ] The city has four AM and 11 FM radio receiver stations operated by All India Radio, Anna University and Suryan FM, Radio Mirchi, BIG FM, Hello FM, Radio City, Radio One among others. [ 406 ]

education

Chennai is home to some of the best educational institutions in the state. [ 407 ] The city ranks moment among indian metropolitan city centres with a 90.33 percentage literacy rate. [ 408 ] Chennai has a blend of public and secret schools, some of which besides receive fiscal support from the government. The public school system is managed by the Chennai Corporation with an registration of 142,387 students in over 330 schools. [ 409 ] Tamil and English are the primary culture medium of direction, though some schools besides use Telugu and Urdu as medium of direction in their schools. [ 409 ] Public schools run by the Chennai Corporation are all affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State Board, while private schools may be affiliated with either of the Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education or the Central Board of Secondary Education ( CBSE ). [ 410 ] A few schools are affiliated with the Council for the amerind School Certificate Examinations, [ 411 ] the National Institute of Open Schooling ( NIOS ) dining table or the Montessori arrangement. education in Chennai starts with two years of Kindergarten from historic period three forth and then follows the indian 10+2+3 plan, ten years of school, two years of higher secondary education, and three years of undergraduate education. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] English is the medium of education in the majority of institutions for higher education. [ 409 ] The University of Madras, founded in 1857, is one of India ‘s first three modern universities. [ 414 ] Colleges for science, arts, and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the University of Madras, which has six campuses in the city. [ 415 ] The indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ) and the College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University are two long-familiar centres for mastermind department of education in the city. The indian Army ‘s Officers Training Academy is besides headquartered in the city. Chennai has a overplus of libraries, including british Council Library, American Library, Connemara Public Library, and Anna Centenary Library. The Connemara Public Library is one of four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the nation. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The Anna Centenary Library is the largest library in Asia. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] Chennai has two CSIR research institutions namely Central Leather Research Institute and Structural Engineering Research Centre. Chennai Book Fair, an annual script clean organised in Chennai by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India ( BAPASI ), is the largest exhibition for Tamil book publishers to display their books. The average is typically held for about 10 days between the death workweek of December and the third workweek of January. [ 420 ] The forty-first version of the fair was held in 2018. Chennai besides has Indian Maritime University to impart quality education in nautical management, engineering, and different pre-sea courses. This is the only cardinal university, headquartered in Chennai to impart nautical education in India .

Sports and diversion

cricket is the most popular frolic in Chennai. [ 421 ] It was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the Madras Cricket Club. [ 422 ] The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India. [ 423 ] The stadium was besides one of the venues of the 1987,1996 and 2011 ICC Cricket World Cups. Chemplast Cricket Ground located at the IIT Madras campus is another authoritative venue for cricket matches. outstanding cricketers from the city include former cricket captains S. Venkataraghavan and Kris Srikkanth. [ 424 ] [ 425 ] A cricket fast bowl academy called the MRF Pace Foundation, whose coaches include T. A. Sekhar and Glenn Mcgrath, is based in Chennai. [ 426 ] [ 427 ] Being home to the indian Premier League ( IPL ) cricket team Chennai Super Kings, the city hosted the finals of the IPL ‘s 2011 and 2012 series. [ 428 ] [ 429 ]
The city ‘s professional football club Chennaiyin FC competes in indian Super League, the nation ‘s acme tier association football league associated with Asian Football Federation and recognized by FIFA. The cabaret uses the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium nicknamed the Marina Arena as their home ground and are champions of the indian Super League in 2015 and 2018. Chennai was the venue of the 1995 South asian Games. [ 430 ] Chennai is home to a World Series Hockey ( WSH ) team, the Chennai Cheetahs. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium is associated with ice hockey and was venue for the international field hockey tournament the 2005 Men ‘s Champions Trophy and the 2007 Men ‘s Asia Cup. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is associated for hosting Football and acrobatic competitions, it besides houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for competition in volleyball, basketball and table tennis. Water sports are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex. Tennis sport is popularising among the city youths, Since 1997 Chennai has been host to the alone ATP World Tour consequence held in India, the Chennai Open [ 431 ] which has been shifted to Pune as Maharashtra Open from 2017. Vijay Amritraj, Mahesh Bhupathi Ramesh Krishnan and Somdev Devvarman are tennis players from Chennai. [ 432 ] Chennai is home to Chennai Slam, [ 433 ] two-time home champion of India ‘s top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League .
Madras Boat Club ( founded in 1846 ) and the Royal Madras Yacht Club ( founded by Sir Francis Spring in 1911 ) promote the sweep sports in Chennai, and organise home and international seafaring events. [ 422 ] Automobile racing in India has been closely connected with Chennai since its beginnings shortly after independence. Motor racing events are held on a particular purpose track in Madras Motor Race Track, Sriperumbudur, [ 434 ] which has besides been the venue for several international competitions. [ 435 ] Formula One driver Karun Chandhok was born in Chennai. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] sawhorse race is held at the Guindy Race Course, while rowing competitions are hosted at the Madras Boat Club. The city has two 18-hole golf courses, the Cosmopolitan Club and the Gymkhana Club, both established in the deep nineteenth century. The city has a rugby union team called the Chennai Cheetahs. [ 438 ]
previous world chess champion Viswanathan Anand grew up in Chennai. [ 439 ] other sports persons of repute from Chennai include table tennis players Sharath Kamal and two–time world carrom supporter, Maria Irudayam. [ 440 ] [ 441 ] Chennai was the horde of the World Chess Championship 2013 pit between Viswanathan Anand and Magnus Carlsen. [ 442 ] [ 443 ]

City based teams

International relations

extraneous missions

The american consulate in Chennai. The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agentive role for South India. [ 445 ] [ 446 ] [ 447 ] As of 2012, there were 43 alien representations in Chennai, including consulates general, deputy high commissions and honorary consulates. [ 448 ] The american Consulate in Chennai is one of the exceed adjudication posts in the populace and the count one in processing employment-based visa. It was ranked among the lead globally in issuing ‘L ‘ and ‘H ‘ category visas for workers and professionals and was ranked eighth globally in terms of all category of visa being issued. [ 449 ] The Foreigners Regional Registration Office ( FRRO ), which is the function of the field officers in charge of immigration and adjustment activities in the city, is located at Shastri Bhavan at Haddows Road. [ 450 ]

Twin towns – Sister cities

Chennai has sister city relationships with the take after cities of the world :

See besides

Notes

1. ^ The term Chennai is frequently used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider sphere than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbor districts. This across-the-board custom of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created .

References

Chennai at Wikipedia’s at Wikipedia ‘s

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