1. The price per short ton, and
2. The fuel per long ton transported
From machinery and equipment to foodstuff and vehicles, ships are modified to handle versatile types of goods. Crude oil, fuel gases such as LNG and CNG, minerals, and ores require their own types of vessels that are specially constructed to cope up with the challenges that these volatile goods posse .
The danger of transporting cargo through non-optimized means i.e., vessels not built to handle that articular cargo, includes volatile behavior, fuel, spoil of foods, bacterial and fungal growths etc. therefore, care must be taken when hiring or leasing vessels for transportation to ensure that the allow type of vessel is chosen.
In this article, we will take a search at the respective goods and cargo normally transported through shipping .
We focus on the goods, their built-in restrictions or transportation conditions, and the types of ships specifically built to handle the transportation of such cargo .
The independent cargo and goods that we will look at in this article include- Foodstuff, livestock, blunt oil and derivative products, cars and other vehicles, machinery and equipment, dry bulk cargo, liquid bulge cargo, and chemical products .
1. Shipping of Food Stuff
Foodstuff includes assorted categories such as fresh, packaged, freeze, partially processed, and other varieties. Foods stage one of the most challenge goods to transport, due to their inadequate life and high probability of spoilage .
Most other types of goods can spend respective months onboard a vessel while being transported between ports. however, foods are one of the few goods that must reach their destinations as a count of importunity .
For this cause, a large share of the food fare diligence is carried out through air freight. however, embark and other vessels allow for large amounts of foods to be simultaneously shipped through a unmarried voyage .
The factors to be considered while leasing or considering grocery cargo are- short life, high gamble of spoilage, and the probability of mid-journey switch .
The solution to most of these issues is by using refrigerated ships known as joint vessels. They have particularly built temperature controlling units that ensure that the temperature is regulated throughout the stallion cargo memory holds of the ship .
The temperature may vary depending on the character of the foodstuff being shipped, but it is broadly maintained at temperatures below 0⁰C. This helps to extend the life of the goods. It besides ensures that damp conditions that normally enable bacteria and other agents of spoil to grow are not present ascribable to the low temperatures .
spoilage can besides occur if the goods are falsely packed. In such scenarios, goods may get crushed when placed under heavier cargo. This renders the stallion cargo unserviceable due to the state in which it is. thus, appropriate pack must be undertaken to keep the cargo separated on the footing of burden, and besides stacked at suitable levels. This besides eliminates the problem posed by mid-journey careen .
For small amounts of loose goods, this shift may entirely cause damage to the cargo itself. however, at larger quantities, this may destabilize and ultimately capsize a ship, due to a phenomenon known as the Free Surface Effect ( FSE ) .
The normally used ships for transporting foodstuff include joint vessels ( refrigerated in its entirety ) and container vessels ( containers alone refrigerated – reefer units ) .
Another type of food product normally shipped includes grains and pulses. These are shipped in informal quantity, due to the higher costs of packing and transporting individual cartons or packages .
For this reason, they are sent in food-grade bulk carriers with below deck holds that are designed to ensure that loading and unloading can easily happen .
In accession to the units, there are besides longitudinal bulkheads built to reduce the FSE brought out about by the loose nature of the transport goods. such goods are loaded and unloaded using sucking and vacuum devices that can transfer large quantities of cargo .
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2. Transportation of Livestock and Animals
Livestock and animals are another normally transported cargo between several countries. This may be for the function of education, for meat, or for animal bi-products .
Transporting them presents challenges by way of ensuring that the animals survive the farseeing travel. To allow for this, there must be mechanisms by which they are provided with nutriment as would normally be consumed. In addition, there must be provisions to regularly clean and jerk the living holds and the livestock. last, proper ventilation is a must .
Ships that are normally used to transport livestock include modified majority carriers and specify vessels intended to create space for different categories of animals .
These vessels have decks within the memory holds that compartmentalize the cargo. There is adequate lighting provided by artificial means in the lawsuit of multi-deck vessels. however, it is preferable to use a split deck system to ensure that the animals reach the finish in the best possible condition. This system entails keeping several decks below the main pack of cards chiefly as resting areas .
The topmost main deck serves to allow the animals to move and for fresh air and natural light to reach them. HVAC systems are used to regulate temperatures and ensure that proper ventilation is achieved in such ships .
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3. Transportation of LNG, CNG, and Other Gas-Based Fuels
One of the largest cargoes transported through ships is petroleum goods and its byproducts, in terms of volume and crying gross. This includes unrefined anoint, fickle fuels, petroleum, LNG, CNG, and the respective derivatives .
Ships are preferred for this type of cargo since they are one of the cheapest means of transport in terms of the cost basis that we defined at the start of the article. lone pipelines are cheaper on a cost per long ton basis of department of transportation. The main cargoes discussed in this section include LNG, CNG, and other gas-based fuels .
bill that such cargoes require specialize vessels with hulls adequate to of withstanding large pressures. This is because of the peculiarity in the transportation system conditions of such goods .
For exemplify, LNG and CNG can cover bombastic volumes in the gaseous form. Because of this, they can not be stored in this shape in the cargo holds as the measure shipped will be much lower than other types of gases .
similarly, if stored in the gaseous form, there is a very high probability of an explosion occurring due to the highly fickle nature of the cargo. so, the stallion cargo is supercooled to very low temperatures that force the cargo ( CNG, LNG etc. ) into a liquid shape. This reduces the volume covered, improving the cost of enchant for every long ton of fuel shipped. At the same meter, it besides reduces the volatility and the subsequent gamble of arouse .
The above conditions predominantly cover alone gas-based fuels, but can besides be adopted for certain petroleum products. The majority of petroleum goods are transported through fluent majority vessels that are mentioned in the subsequent sections .
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4. Shipping Cars and Other Vehicles
Shipping vehicles is a very common business adopted in and around the Middle East, Europe, some parts of Asia ( China, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore etc. ) and the Americas. It generally functions as a ferry service where cars are moved around the coastlines of a nation or neighbor countries.
Ships called Ro-Ro ( Roll on, roll off ) are used for ferrying such cargo over coastlines. They are specially built to withstand the large load exerted by the vehicles, while besides taking into history the forces exerted on the aft when the vehicles are loaded or lowered on to the embark .
The Ro-Ro is characterized by generally being 1 to 2 decks thick, with the superstructures and bridge located at the fore. The aft has a lowering hydraulic ramp that allows vessels to directly be loaded on to the vessel .
In certain variations of the fomite carrier vessels, there is no ramp, and the vehicle is lifted on to the deck with the assistant of quayside cranes. such vessels are more park when alone unfinished vehicles are being shipped for far outfitting, as they can not roll on or roll off under their own power .
besides, the ship has large ballast tanks introduce, so that the transport can be brought to a certain draft at which the ramp can safely be lowered to allow vehicles to enter. After loading, the transport is ballasted down to keep the vessel stable during the travel .
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5. Transportation of Machinery, Equipment, and Factory Parts
Shipping machinery and parts is a very lucrative diligence, specially when parts are moved in large numbers. This is because these goods do not have specific ship requirements, can withstand most forms of sea apparent motion on their own, and do not have the problems generally faced by other types of cargo ( spoilage, excitability etc. ) .
however, the main issue with such goods is the possibility of rusting. The holds of ships are normally keep dry equally far as possible. however, during the travel, it is possible that leaks or other problems with the ship let moisture to develop in the holds .
In such cases, corrosion and damage may occur. For this reason, general-purpose bulk carriers are outfitted with speciate drying units that constantly monitor the air within the ship. Drying agents composed out of calcium are besides used to ensure that the holds persist unblock from any rust-causing agents .
Another trouble that may be encountered mid-voyage is the motion of the cargo being transported. Larger structures such as cranes or heavy lift equipment are tethered down using embroider eyes to the shell of the hull. however, structures such as pipes or easy parts may shift during the ocean trip .
For this cause, as they are lowered into the accommodate in layers, special tethers are placed across the layer to secure it in identify. Through this, pipes and similar structures are kept in place .
For loose and small goods, such as those used in electronics, regular divisions are placed in a longitudinal manner across the hold to prevent shift and the subsequent release surface impression that may arise. These divisions along the duration of the ship are called longitudinal bulkheads .
Related Reading:
Understanding Design Of Bulk Carriers
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11 Steps to Enhance Safety of Bulk Carrier Ships
6. Shipping Dry Bulk Cargo
Dry bulk cargo refers to any cargo or good shipped in a easy quantity, that is stored within the cargo holds without packaging. common examples of such goods include grocery and machinery parts ( both have been discussed ). besides, goods transported through dry bulge carriers include ores and minerals. These are by and large shipped in a loose condition in the holds .
The elementary steer to consider when shipping bulk goods is the possibility of cargo movement during the travel. This may damage the goods and the ship or may destabilize the vessel ascribable to the FSE. Thus, some form of categorization must be used to allow the goods to stay in position .
Another normally used proficiency of stabilizing the cargo is by netting the integral cargo contain so that layers are created. longitudinal divisions are besides incorporated to reduce the cross motions .
When ships jointly transport minerals, ores, and oil in any form, the vessel is called an OBO carrier ( for Oil and Bulk Ore carrier ). It is characterized by boastfully wing tanks present at the edges of the cargo hold for fluids ( oil or ballast water ), and a big central holding facility for the solid ore and mineral cargoes .
OBO carriers are by and large built to carry oil between countries, and transport ore during the restitution travel. This optimizes the entire operation without having the vessel empty for a whole leg of the travel .
7. Shipping Liquid Bulk Cargo
Liquid bulge cargo specifically includes goods and cargoes that are liquid in nature and shipped in bulk. The majority of cargo in this category belongs to petroleum goods and its byproducts. This encompasses crude oil, diverse products obtained after the legal separation and action of crude petroleum etc .
such cargoes are highly volatile and pose a risk while transporting, not precisely to the crew and cargo handlers but besides for the environment. For this reason, the integral cargo hold is double-shelled and has a doubling bottom to ensure that there is no possibility of cargo escape during a collision .
In addition, the transport has particular slosh-proof tanks built into the cargo memory holds so that the FSE is reduced by introducing longitudinal divisions and bulkheads to reduce sloshing. Adequate worry must besides be taken to keep flammable goods away the cargo holds, since reducing the volatility of such liquid goods is not strictly feasible ( unlike CNG, LNG, LPG, etc. ) .
8. Safe Transportation of Chemical, Hazardous, and Toxic Products
A large assign of the cosmopolitan freight diligence handles the fare of chemicals and assorted similar products. This takes topographic point due to the expertness of certain countries in the synthesis of specific chemicals. requirement in other parts of the globe requires large scale fare of such cargo .
Chemicals pose several challenges to transportation in any class and by any manner. This is because of the high risk of corrosion faced by the embark or container units, a prospect of toxic escape, a possibility of accidental poison, and a prospect of contamination. In all these cases, the ship, crew members, and assorted handlers and operators suffer from inappropriately storing and shipping the cargo .
In rate to safely transportation chemicals, poisonous goods, and toxic cargo, reinforced and specially constructed storehouse units must be utilized. These are capable of withstanding corrosion and rust and can contain the cargo fumes, run-offs, and potentially hazardous side effects until it is drop and transferred to the address port .
additionally, effective breathing and HVAC systems must be put in place throughout the entire ship to prevent build-up for noxious fumes. Along with these precautions, the vessel must be designed with a double beat hull and double bottom shape. This ensures that in case the primary inner hull is breached in sheath of a collision, the chemicals do not leak into the ocean resulting in an environmental disaster .
Over to you..
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