Cairo – Wikipedia

Cairo ( KY-roh ; Arabic : القاهرة, romanized : al-Qāhirah, pronounce [ ælqɑ ( ː ) ˈheɾɑ ] ) is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the arab earth. The Greater Cairo metropolitan area, with a population of 21.3 million, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] is the second gear largest urban agglomeration in Africa ( behind Lagos ), the largest in the arab world and the Middle East, and the sixth-largest in the populace by population. Cairo is associated with ancient Egypt, as the Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its geographic area. Located near the Nile Delta, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Cairo was developed in 969 AD during the Fatimid dynasty, but the estate composing the contemporary city was the site of Ancient National Capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo has long been a center of the region ‘s political and cultural life, and is titled “ the city of a thousand minarets “ for its preponderance of Islamic architecture. Cairo ‘s historic center was awarded World Heritage Site -status in 1979. [ 13 ] Cairo is considered a World City with a “ Beta + ” categorization according to GaWC. [ 14 ] today, Cairo has the oldest and largest Arab film and music industry, arsenic well as the world ‘s second-oldest institution of higher eruditeness, Al-Azhar University. many external media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city ; the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its being. With a population of over 10 million [ 15 ] unfold over 453 km2 ( 175 sq mi ), Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An extra 9.5 million inhabitants live in close proximity to the city. Cairo, like many other megacities, suffers from high levels of contamination and traffic. The Cairo Metro is one of entirely two metro systems in Africa ( the other being in Algiers, Algeria ), and ranks amongst the fifteen busy in the world, [ 16 ] with over 1 billion [ 17 ] annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005, [ 18 ] and 43rd globally on Foreign Policy ‘s 2010 Global Cities Index. [ 19 ]

etymology [edit ]

Egyptians frequently refer to Cairo as Maṣr ( IPA : [ mɑsˤɾ ] ; مَصر ), the egyptian Arabic name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city ‘s importance for the nation. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Its official name al-Qāhirah  ( القاهرة ) means ‘the Vanquisher ‘ or ‘the Conqueror, purportedly due to the fact that the planet Mars, an-Najm al-Qāhir ( النجم القاهر, ‘the Conquering Star ‘ ), was rising at the time when the city was founded, [ 22 ] possibly besides in character to the much anticipated arrival of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu’izz who reached Cairo in 973 from Mahdia, the previous Fatimid das kapital. [ 23 ] The location of the ancient city of Heliopolis is the suburb of Ain Shams ( Arabic : عين شمس, ‘Eye of the Sun ‘ ). There are a few coptic names of the city. Ti•kash•roomi ( coptic : Ϯⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ deep coptic : [ di.kɑʃˈɾoːmi ] ) is attested ampere early as 1211 and is a calque which means ‘man circuit breaker ‘ ( Ϯ-, ‘the ‘ + ( ⲕⲁϣ-, ‘to break ‘ + ⲣⲱⲙⲓ, ‘man ‘ ) which is akin to Arabic al-Qāhirah . [ 24 ] Lioui ( Ⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ Late Coptic : [ lɪˈjuːj ] ) or Elioui ( Ⲉⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ Late Coptic : [ ælˈjuːj ] ) is another name which is a corruption of greek name of Heliopolis ( Ήλιούπολις ). [ 25 ] Some argue that Mistram ( Ⲙⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ Late Coptic : [ ˈmɪs.təɾɑm ] ) or Nistram ( Ⲛⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ Late Coptic : [ ˈnɪs.təɾɑm ] ) is another coptic list for Cairo, although others think that it ‘s quite a name of an Abbasid capital Al-Askar. [ 26 ] Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ ( Kahi•ree ) is a popular modern render of an Arabic name ( others being Ⲕⲁⲓⲣⲟⲛ [ Kairon ] and Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲁ [ Kahira ] ) which is modern folk etymology meaning ‘land of sun ‘. Some argue that it was a name of an egyptian settlement upon which Cairo was built, but it ‘s rather doubtful as this name is not attested in any Hieroglyphic or Demotic source, although some researchers, like Paul Casanova, opinion it as a legitimate theory. [ 25 ] Cairo is besides referred to as Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ( recently coptic : [ ˈkæ.mi ] ) or Ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲟⲥ ( late coptic : [ ˈɡɪp.dos ] ), which means Egypt in Coptic, the same room it ‘s referred to in egyptian Arabic. [ 26 ] sometimes the city is informally referred to as Cairo by people from Alexandria ( IPA : [ ˈkæjɾo ] ; egyptian Arabic : كايرو ). [ 27 ]

history [edit ]

initial settlements [edit ]

History of Egypt A rendition of Fustat from A. S. Rappoport ‘s The area around contemporary Cairo, specially Memphis, which was the erstwhile capital of Egypt, had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location just upriver from the Nile Delta. however, the origins of the modern city are generally traced back to a serial of settlements in the inaugural millennium. Around the turn of the one-fourth hundred, [ 28 ] as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance, [ 29 ] the Romans established a fortress town along the east savings bank of the Nile. This fortress, known as Babylon, was the nucleus of the Roman and then the Byzantine city and is the oldest structure in the city nowadays. It is besides situated at the nucleus of the Coptic Orthodox community, which separated from the Roman and Byzantine churches in the late fourth hundred. Many of Cairo ‘s oldest coptic churches, including the Hanging Church, are located along the fortress walls in a section of the city known as coptic Cairo. Following the Muslim conquest in AD 640, the conqueror Amr ibn As settled to the north of the Babylon in an area that became known as al-Fustat. originally a camp clique ( Fustat signifies “ City of Tents ” ) Fustat became a permanent wave settlement and the first capital of Islamic Egypt. In 750, following the overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate by the Abbasids, the newfangled rulers created their own settlement to the northeastern of Fustat which became their capital. This was known as al-Askar ( the city of sections, or cantonments ) as it was laid out like a military camp. A rebellion in 869 by Ahmad ibn Tulun led to the abandonment of Al Askar and the construction of another village, which became the buttocks of government. This was al-Qatta’i ( “ the Quarters ” ), to the north of Fustat and closer to the river. Al Qatta’i was centred around a palace and ceremonial mosque, now known as the Mosque of ibn Tulun. In 905, the Abbasids re-asserted operate of the state and their governor returned to Fustat, razing al-Qatta’i to the prime .

Foundation and expansion [edit ]

In 969, the Fatimid empire ruled over Egypt after conquering Ifriqiya, and under the rule of its collapse Jawhar Al Saqili, a new arm city northeast of Fustat was established. It took four years to build the city, initially known as al-Manṣūriyyah, [ 30 ] which was to serve as the new capital of the caliphate. During that time, the construction of the al-Azhar Mosque was commissioned by order of the Caliph, which developed into the third-oldest university in the worldly concern. Cairo would finally become a center of teach, with the library of Cairo containing hundreds of thousands of books. [ 31 ] When Caliph al-Mu’izz fifty-one Din Allah arrived from the old Fatimid capital of Mahdia in Tunisia in 973, he gave the city its salute name, Qāhirat al-Mu’izz ( “ The Vanquisher of al-Mu’izz ” ). [ 30 ] For about 200 years after Cairo was established, the administrative centre of Egypt remained in Fustat. however, in 1168 the Fatimid vizier Shawar set fire to Fustat to prevent its capture by Amalric, the Crusader king of Jerusalem. [ 32 ] Egypt ‘s capital was permanently moved to Cairo, which was finally expanded to include the ruins of Fustat and the previous capitals of al-Askar and al-Qatta’i. As alabama Qahira expanded these earlier settlements were encompassed, and have since become part of the city of Cairo as it expanded and spread ; they are now jointly known as “ Old Cairo “. While the Fustat fire successfully protected the city of Cairo, a continuing office contend between Shawar, King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and the Zengid general Shirkuh led to the downfall of the Fatimid establishment. [ 33 ] In 1169, Saladin was appointed as the newfangled vizier of Egypt by the Fatimids and two years late he seized exponent from the family of the last Fatimid caliph, al-‘Āḍid. [ 34 ] As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin established the Ayyubid dynasty, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the Abbasids, who were based in Baghdad. [ 35 ] During his reign, Saladin constructed the Cairo Citadel, which served as the induct of the egyptian government until the mid-19th hundred .
The Cairo Citadel, seen above in the late nineteenth century, was commissioned by Saladin between 1176 and 1183. In 1250, slave soldiers, known as the Mamluks, seized see of Egypt and like many of their predecessors established Cairo as the capital of their new dynasty. Continuing a rehearse started by the Ayyubids, much of the land occupied by former Fatimid palaces was sold and replaced by newer buildings. [ 36 ] Construction projects initiated by the Mamluks pushed the city outbound while besides bringing raw infrastructure to the center of the city. [ 37 ] meanwhile, Cairo flourished as a center of Islamic eruditeness and a crossroads on the spice trade route among the civilisations in Afro-Eurasia. By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it the largest city west of China. [ 38 ] When the traveler Ibn Battuta first came to Cairo in 1326, he described it as the principal zone of Egypt. [ 39 ] : 13 When he passed through the area again on his return journey in 1348 the Black Death was ravaging most major cities. He cited reports of thousands of deaths per sidereal day in Cairo. [ 40 ] [ 39 ] : 225

Ottoman dominion [edit ]

example of Cairo in the nineteenth hundred. Although Cairo avoided Europe ‘s stagnation during the Late Middle Ages, it could not escape the Black Death, which struck the city more than fifty times between 1348 and 1517. [ 41 ] During its initial, and most deadly waves, approximately 200,000 people were killed by the plague, [ 42 ] and, by the fifteenth hundred, Cairo ‘s population had been reduced to between 150,000 and 300,000. [ 43 ] The city ‘s condition was further diminished after Vasco district attorney Gama discovered a ocean route around the Cape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1499, thereby allowing spice traders to avoid Cairo. [ 38 ] Cairo ‘s political influence diminished significantly after the Ottomans supplanted Mamluk ability over Egypt in 1517. Ruling from Constantinople, Sultan Selim I relegated Egypt to a province, with Cairo as its capital. [ 44 ] For this reason, the history of Cairo during Ottoman times is often described as inconsequential, particularly in comparison to early time periods. [ 38 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] however, during the 16th and 17th centuries, Cairo remained an authoritative economic and cultural center. Although no longer on the spice route, the city facilitated the transportation system of Yemeni coffee and indian textiles, chiefly to Anatolia, North Africa, and the Balkans. Cairene merchants were implemental in bringing goods to the bare Hejaz, particularly during the annual hajj to Mecca. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] It was during this same period that al-Azhar University reached the predomination among Islamic schools that it continues to hold today ; [ 48 ] [ 49 ] pilgrims on their way to hajj frequently attested to the superiority of the initiation, which had become associated with Egypt ‘s body of Islamic scholars. [ 50 ] By the sixteenth hundred, Cairo besides had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and repositing purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. [ 51 ] Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel. [ 52 ] The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople, and, although migration was not the primary source of Cairo ‘s growth, twenty dollar bill percentage of its population at the end of the eighteenth century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from around the Mediterranean. [ 53 ] still, when Napoleon arrived in Cairo in 1798, the city ‘s population was less than 300,000, forty percentage lower than it was at the altitude of Mamluk—and Cairene—influence in the mid-14th century. [ 38 ] [ 53 ] The french occupation was ephemeral as british and Ottoman forces, including a goodly albanian contingent, recaptured the country in 1801. Cairo itself was besieged by a british and Ottoman force culminating with the french giving up on 22 June 1801. [ 54 ] The british vacated Egypt two years late, leaving the Ottomans, the Albanians, and the long-weakened Mamluks jostle for operate of the area. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Continued civil war allowed an Albanian named Muhammad Ali Pasha to ascend to the function of commander and finally, with the approval of the religious establishment, viceroy of Egypt in 1805. [ 57 ]

Modern era [edit ]

Aerial opinion 1904 from a balloon where the Egyptian Museum appears to the right english . A bird’s-eye scene of Cairo, 1950s Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a issue of social and economic reforms that earned him the deed of laminitis of modern Egypt. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] however, while Muhammad Ali initiated the construction of public buildings in the city, [ 61 ] those reforms had minimal impression on Cairo ‘s landscape. [ 62 ] Bigger changes came to Cairo under Isma’il Pasha ( r. 1863–1879 ), who continued the modernization processes started by his grandfather. [ 63 ] Drawing inspiration from Paris, Isma’il envisioned a city of maidans and wide avenues ; due to fiscal constraints, entirely some of them, in the area now composing Downtown Cairo, came to fruition. [ 64 ] Isma’il besides sought to modernize the city, which was merging with neighbor settlements, by establishing a populace works ministry, bringing boast and lighting to the city, and opening a field and opera house. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] The huge debt resulting from Isma’il ‘s projects provided a pretext for increasing european control, which culminated with the british invasion in 1882. [ 38 ] The city ‘s economic center promptly moved west toward the Nile, away from the historic Islamic Cairo section and toward the contemporary, European-style areas built by Isma’il. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Europeans accounted for five percentage of Cairo ‘s population at the end of the nineteenth century, by which luff they held most top governmental positions. [ 69 ] In 1905 the Heliopolis Oasis Company headed by the belgian industrialist Édouard Empain and by Boghos Nubar, son of the egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Pasha built a suburb called Heliopolis ( city of the sunday in Greek ) ten kilometers from the center of Cairo. It represented the beginning large-scale undertake to promote its own architecture, known now as the Heliopolis style. The british occupation was intended to be temp, but it lasted well into the twentieth century. Nationalists staged large-scale demonstrations in Cairo in 1919, [ 38 ] five years after Egypt had been declared a british protectorate. [ 70 ] Nevertheless, this led to Egypt ‘s independence in 1922 .

1924 Cairo Quran [edit ]

The King Fuad I Edition of the Qur ’ an [ 71 ] was first published on 10 July 1924 in Cairo under the patronage of King Fuad. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] The goal of the government of the newly formed Kingdom of Egypt was not to delegitimize the other random variable Quranic text ( “ qira’at “ ), but to eliminate errors found in Qur ’ anic texts used in express schools. A committee of teachers chose to preserve a individual one of the canonic qira ’ at “ readings ”, namely that of the “ Ḥafṣ “ version, an 8th-century Kufic exercise. This version has become the standard for mod printings of the Quran [ 75 ] [ 76 ] for a lot of the Islamic world. [ 77 ] The issue has been called a “ fantastic success ”, and the edition has been described as one “ now widely seen as the official textbook of the Qur ’ an ”, so popular among both Sunni and Shi’a that the common belief among less intelligent Muslims is “ that the Qur ’ an has a single, unambiguous learn ”. minor amendments were made later in 1924 and in 1936 – the “ Faruq edition ” in honor of then ruler, King Faruq .

british occupation until 1956 [edit ]

everyday life in Cairo, 1950s british troops remained in the area until 1956. During this time, urban Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include the upscale neighbourhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis. [ 79 ] Between 1882 and 1937, the population of Cairo more than tripled—from 347,000 to 1.3 million [ 80 ] —and its area increased from 10 to 163 square kilometres ( 4 to 63 sq nautical mile ). [ 81 ] The city was devastated during the 1952 riots known as the Cairo Fire or Black Saturday, which saw the destruction of closely 700 shops, movie theatres, casinos and hotels in downtown Cairo. [ 82 ] The british departed Cairo following the egyptian Revolution of 1952, but the city ‘s rapid growth showed no signs of abating. Seeking to accommodate the increasing population, President Gamal Abdel Nasser redeveloped Maidan Tahrir and the Nile Corniche, and improved the city ‘s net of bridges and highways. [ 83 ] meanwhile, extra controls of the Nile fostered development within Gezira Island and along the city ‘s waterfront. The city began to encroach on the prolific Nile Delta, prompting the government to build defect satellite towns and devise incentives for city-dwellers to move to them. [ 84 ]

1960s [edit ]

Cairo ‘s population has doubled since the 1960s, reaching near to seven million ( with an extra ten-spot million in its urban sphere ). concurrently, Cairo has established itself as a political and economic hub for North Africa and the Arab worldly concern, with many multinational businesses and organisations, including the Arab League, operating out of the city. In 1992, Cairo was hit by an earthquake causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and leaving about 50,000 people homeless. [ 85 ]

2011 egyptian rotation [edit ]

A dissenter holding an egyptian flag during the protests that started on 25 January 2011. Cairo ‘s Tahrir Square was the focal point of the 2011 egyptian Revolution against erstwhile president Hosni Mubarak. [ 86 ] Over 2 million protesters were at Cairo ‘s Tahrir square. More than 50,000 protesters first occupied the square on 25 January, during which the area ‘s radio services were reported to be afflicted. [ 87 ] In the come days Tahrir Square continued to be the primary coil destination for protests in Cairo [ 88 ] as it took place following a popular arise that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and continued until June 2013. The originate was chiefly a crusade of non-violent civil resistance, which featured a series of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labor strikes. Millions of protesters from a diverseness of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overrule of the government of egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injure. The rise took place in Cairo, Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following the tunisian revolution that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president of the united states Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. [ 89 ] On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Hosni Mubarak resigned from function .

Post-revolutionary Cairo [edit ]

Under the rule of President el-Sisi, in March 2015 plans were announced for another yet-unnamed planned city to be built farther east of the existing satellite city of New Cairo, intended to serve as the new capital of Egypt. [ 90 ]

geography [edit ]

The river Nile flows through Cairo, here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today. Cairo is located in northerly Egypt, known as Lower Egypt, 165 kilometres ( 100 myocardial infarction ) south of the Mediterranean Sea and 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) west of the Gulf of Suez and Suez Canal. [ 91 ] The city lies along the Nile River, immediately confederacy of the decimal point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and branches into the low-lying Nile Delta region. Although the Cairo city extends away from the Nile in all directions, the city of Cairo resides only on the east bank of the river and two islands within it on a total area of 453 square kilometres ( 175 sq mile ). [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Geologically, Cairo lies on alluvial sediment and sand dunes which date from the quaternary period. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Until the mid-19th hundred, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and open level. Over the years, the Nile gradually shifted west, providing the web site between the eastern edge of the river and the Mokattam highlands on which the city immediately stands. The bring on which Cairo was established in 969 ( contemporary Islamic Cairo ) was located submerged equitable over three hundred years early, when Fustat was first built. [ 96 ] moo periods of the Nile during the eleventh century continued to add to the landscape of Cairo ; a new island, known as Geziret al-Fil, first appeared in 1174, but finally became connected to the mainland. today, the site of Geziret al-Fil is occupied by the Shubra district. The low periods created another island at the change state of the fourteenth century that nowadays composes Zamalek and Gezira. Land reclamation efforts by the Mamluks and Ottomans far contributed to expansion on the east savings bank of the river. [ 97 ] Because of the Nile ‘s apparent motion, the newer parts of the city— Garden City, Downtown Cairo, and Zamalek—are located closest to the riverbank. [ 98 ] The areas, which are home to most of Cairo ‘s embassies, are surrounded on the north, east, and south by the older parts of the city. Old Cairo, located confederacy of the centre, holds the remnants of Fustat and the heart of Egypt ‘s coptic Christian community, Coptic Cairo. The Boulaq district, which lies in the northern part of the city, was born out of a major 16th-century port and is now a major industrial kernel. The Citadel is located east of the city kernel around Islamic Cairo, which dates bet on to the Fatimid era and the foundation of Cairo. While westerly Cairo is dominated by wide boulevards, open spaces, and modern architecture of european influence, the eastern half, having grown haphazard over the centuries, is dominated by minor lanes, crowded tenements, and Islamic architecture. Northern and extreme easterly parts of Cairo, which include satellite towns, are among the most late additions to the city, as they developed in the late-20th and early-21st centuries to accommodate the city ‘s rapid growth. The western deposit of the Nile is normally included within the urban area of Cairo, but it composes the city of Giza and the Giza Governorate. Giza has besides undergo meaning expansion over recent years, and today the city, although still a suburb of Cairo, has a population of 2.7 million. [ 93 ] The Cairo Governorate was good north of the Helwan Governorate from 2008 when some Cairo ‘s southerly districts, including Maadi and New Cairo, were split off and annexed into the new governorate, [ 99 ] to 2011 when the Helwan Governorate was reincorporated into the Cairo Governorate .
According to the World Health Organization, the charge of air pollution in Cairo is closely 12 times higher than the recommend base hit level [ 100 ]

climate [edit ]

In Cairo, and along the Nile River Valley, the climate is a hot desert climate ( BWh according to the Köppen climate classification system [ 101 ] ). Wind storms can be frequent, bringing Saharan debris into the city, from March to May and the air travel often becomes uncomfortably dry. high temperatures in winter range from 14 to 22 °C ( 57 to 72 °F ), while night-time lows flatten to below 11 °C ( 52 °F ), often to 5 °C ( 41 °F ). In summer, the highs rarely surpass 40 °C ( 104 °F ), and lows drop to about 20 °C ( 68 °F ). Rainfall is sparse and lone happens in the cold months, but sudden showers can cause severe flood. The summer months have high humidity due to its coastal location. Snowfall is extremely rare ; a belittled amount of graupel, wide believed to be snow, fell on Cairo ‘s easternmost suburb on 13 December 2013, the first clock Cairo ‘s area received this kind of precipitation in many decades. [ 102 ] Dew points in the hottest months range from 13.9 °C ( 57 °F ) in June to 18.3 °C ( 65 °F ) in August. [ 103 ]

Cairo weather observations by french savants

Metropolitan area [edit ]

The Greater Cairo is the largest metropolitan area in Africa. It consists of Cairo Governorate, parts of Giza Governorate, and parts of Qalyubia Governorate .

Satellite cities [edit ]

6th of October City, west of Cairo, and New Cairo, east of Cairo, are major urban developments which have been built to accommodate extra emergence and development of the Cairo sphere. [ 107 ] New development includes several high-end residential developments. [ 108 ]

Planned newly capital [edit ]

In March 2015, plans were announced for a yet-unnamed aforethought city to be built east of Cairo, in an unexploited area of the Cairo Governorate, which would serve as the administrative and fiscal capital of Egypt. [ 90 ]

infrastructure [edit ]

Health [edit ]

Cairo, deoxyadenosine monophosphate good as neighbouring Giza, has been established as Egypt ‘s chief centre for aesculapian treatment, and despite some exceptions, has the most gain horizontal surface of aesculapian care in the country. Cairo ‘s hospitals include the JCI -accredited As-Salaam International Hospital—Corniche El Nile, Maadi ( Egypt ‘s largest private hospital with 350 beds ), Ain Shams University Hospital, Dar Al Fouad, Nile Badrawi Hospital, 57357 Hospital, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as Qasr El Eyni Hospital .

education [edit ]

Greater Cairo has long been the hub of education and educational services for Egypt and the region. today, Greater Cairo is the center for many government offices governing the egyptian educational system, has the largest number of educational schools, and higher education institutes among other cities and governorates of Egypt. Some of the International Schools found in Cairo:
Universities in Greater Cairo:

department of transportation [edit ]

Façade of Terminal 3 at Cairo International Airport Departures sphere of Cairo International Airport ‘s Terminal 1 Cairo has an across-the-board road network, train system, underpass system and maritime services. Road transport is facilitated by personal vehicles, cab cabs, privately owned populace buses and Cairo microbuses. Cairo, specifically Ramses Station, is the concentrate of about the entire egyptian department of transportation network. [ 109 ] The metro arrangement, formally called “ Metro ( مترو ) ”, is a fast and efficient way of getting around Cairo. Metro network covers Helwan and other suburbs. It can get very crowd during rush hour. Two educate cars ( the fourth and fifth ones ) are reserved for women only, although women may ride in any car they want. Trams in Greater Cairo and Cairo trolleybus were used as modes of exile, but were closed in the 1970s everywhere except Heliopolis and Helwan. These were shut down in 2014, after the egyptian Revolution. [ 110 ] An extensive road network connects Cairo with other egyptian cities and villages. There is a new Ring Road that surrounds the outskirts of the city, with exits that reach outer Cairo districts. There are flyovers and bridges, such as the 6th October Bridge that, when the traffic is not heavy, give up flying [ 109 ] means of transportation from one side of the city to the other. Cairo traffic is known to be overpower and overcrowded. [ 111 ] Traffic moves at a relatively fluent tempo. Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more courteous at junctions, taking turns going, with police aiding in traffic control of some clog areas. [ 109 ] In 2017 plans to construct two monorail systems were announced, one linking 6th of October to suburban Giza, a distance of 35 km ( 22 secret intelligence service ), and the other linking Nasr City to New Cairo, a distance of 52 km ( 32 mi ). [ 112 ] [ 113 ]

other forms of conveyance [edit ]

Sports [edit ]

football is the most popular sport in Egypt, [ 114 ] and Cairo has a number of sporting teams that compete in national and regional leagues. The best know teams are Al Ahly, El Zamalek and Al-Ismaily. The annual match between Al Ahly and El Zamalek is one of the most watch sports events in Egypt vitamin a well as the African-Arab region. The teams form the major competition of egyptian football, and are the first and the moment champions in Africa and the arabian world. They play their home plate games at Cairo International Stadium or Naser Stadium, which is the second largest stadium in Egypt, american samoa well as the largest in Cairo and one of the largest stadiums in the populace. The Cairo International Stadium was built in 1960 and its multi-purpose sports complex that houses the chief football stadium, an indoor stadium, several satellite fields that held several regional, continental and global games, including the african Games, U17 Football World Championship and was one of the stadiums scheduled that hosted the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations which was played in January 2006. Egypt former won the rival and went on to win the adjacent edition in Ghana ( 2008 ) making the egyptian and ghanaian national teams the merely teams to win the african Nations Cup Back to back which resulted in Egypt winning the title for a record total of six times in the history of African Continental Competition. This was followed by a third back-to-back acquire in Angola 2010, making Egypt the only area with a record 3-consecutive and 7-total Continental Football Competition winner. This accomplishment had besides placed the egyptian football team as the # 9 best team in the world ‘s FIFA rankings. As of 2021, Egypt ‘s national team is ranked at # 46 in the populace by FIFA. [ 115 ] Cairo failed at the applicant phase when bid for the 2008 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in Beijing, China. [ 116 ] however, Cairo did host the 2007 Pan Arab Games. [ 117 ] There are respective other sports teams in the city that participate in several sports including elevated railway Gezira Sporting Club, elevation Shams Club, elevation Seid Club, Heliopolis Club and several smaller clubs, but the biggest clubs in Egypt ( not in area but in sports ) are Al Ahly and Al Zamalek. They have the two biggest football teams in Egypt. There are new sports clubs in the area of New Cairo ( one hour far from Cairo ‘s down town ), these are Al Zohour sporting club, Wadi Degla sporting club and Platinum Club. [ 118 ] Most of the sports federations of the nation are besides located in the city suburb, including the Egyptian Football Association. [ 119 ] The headquarter of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) was previously located in Cairo, before relocating to its new headquarters in 6 October City, a small city away from Cairo ‘s crowded districts. In October 2008, the egyptian Rugby Federation was officially formed and granted membership into the International Rugby Board. [ 120 ] Egypt is internationally known for the excellence of its squash players who excel in both professional and junior divisions. [ 121 ] Egypt has seven players in the top ten of the PSA men ‘s populace rankings, and three in the women ‘s circus tent ten. Mohamed El Shorbagy held the world phone number one side for more than a year before being overtaken by compatriot Karim Abdel Gawad, who is number two behind Gregory Gaultier of France. Ramy Ashour and Amr Shabana are regarded as two of the most talented squash players in history. Shabana won the World Open title four times and Ashour twice, although his recent imprint has been hampered by injury. Egypt ‘s Nour El Sherbini has won the Women ‘s World Championship twice and has been women ‘s universe number one for 16 consecutive months. On 30 April 2016, she became the youngest woman to win the Women ‘s World Championship which was held in Malaysia. In April 2017 she retained her title by winning the Women ‘s World Championship which was held in the egyptian recourse of El Gouna. Cairo is the official end indicate of Cross Egypt Challenge where its route ends annual in the most sacred put in Egypt, under the Great Pyramids of Giza with a huge trophy-giving ceremony. [ 122 ]

culture [edit ]

Cairo Opera House, at the National Cultural Center, Zamalek zone . Khedivial Opera House, 1869 .

cultural tourism in Egypt [edit ]

Cairo Opera House [edit ]

President Mubarak inaugurated the new Cairo Opera House of the egyptian National Cultural Centres on 10 October 1988, 17 years after the Royal Opera House had been destroyed by fire. The National Cultural Centre was built with the avail of JICA, the Japan International Co-operation Agency and stands as a outstanding sport for the Japanese-Egyptian co-operation and the friendship between the two nations .

Khedivial Opera House [edit ]

The Khedivial Opera House, or Royal Opera House, was the original opera house in Cairo. It was dedicated on 1 November 1869 and burned down on 28 October 1971. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera family for about two decades until the open of the raw Cairo Opera House in 1988 .

Cairo International Film Festival [edit ]

Cairo held its first external film festival 16 August 1976, when the inaugural Cairo International Film Festival was launched by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. The Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983. This accomplishment lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the FIAPF with the request that a competition should be included at the 1991 Festival. The request was granted. In 1998, the Festival took place under the presidency of one of Egypt ‘s lead actors, Hussein Fahmy, who was appointed by the Minister of Culture, Farouk Hosni, after the death of Saad El-Din Wahba. Four years former, the diarist and writer Cherif El-Shoubashy became president .

Cairo Geniza [edit ]

Solomon Schechter studying documents from the Cairo Geniza, c. 1895. The Cairo Geniza is an collection of about 200,000 jewish manuscripts that were found in the genizah of the Ben Ezra synagogue ( built 882 ) of Fustat, Egypt ( now Old Cairo ), the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and a count of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the late nineteenth hundred. These documents were written from about 870 to 1880 AD and have been archived in assorted american and european libraries. The Taylor-Schechter collection in the University of Cambridge runs to 140,000 manuscripts ; a promote 40,000 manuscripts are housed at the jewish Theological Seminary of America .

food [edit ]

The majority of Cairenes make food for themselves and make manipulation of local produce markets. [ 123 ] The restaurant fit includes Arab cuisine and Middle Eastern cuisine, including local staples such as koshary. The city ‘s most exclusive restaurants are typically concentrated in Zamalek and around the lavishness hotels lining the shore of the Nile near the Garden City district. determine from advanced westerly society is besides apparent, with american chains such as McDonald ‘s, Arby ‘s, Pizza Hut, Subway, and Kentucky Fried Chicken being easy to find in cardinal areas. [ 123 ]

Places of worship [edit ]

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques. [ 124 ] There are besides christian churches and temples : coptic Orthodox Church, Coptic Catholic Church ( Catholic Church ), evangelical church service of Egypt ( Synod of the Nile ) ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) .

economy [edit ]

The NBE towers as viewed from the Nile . Nile view from the Cairo Marriott Hotel. informal economy in Cairo Cairo ‘s economy has traditionally been based on governmental institutions and services, with the modern productive sector expanding in the twentieth century to include developments in textiles and food work – specifically the production of sugar cane. As of 2005, Egypt has the largest non-oil based GDP in the arab world. Cairo accounts for 11 % of Egypt ‘s population and 22 % of its economy ( PPP ). The majority of the state ‘s commerce is generated there, or passes through the city. The capital majority of publish houses and media outlets and about all film studios are there, as are one-half of the state ‘s hospital beds and universities. This has fuelled rapid construction in the city, with one construct in five being less than 15 years previous. This emergence until recently surged well ahead of city services. Homes, roads, electricity, call and sewer services were all in short provide. Analysts trying to grasp the magnitude of the change coined terms like “ hyper-urbanization ” .

car manufacturers from Cairo [edit ]

cityscape and landmarks [edit ]

Tahrir Square [edit ]

Tahrir Square was founded during the mid nineteenth hundred with the establishment of advanced business district Cairo. It was first named Ismailia Square, after the 19th-century rule Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the raw business district zone ‘s ‘Paris on the Nile ‘ design. After the egyptian Revolution of 1919 the square became widely known as Tahrir ( Liberation ) Square, though it was not officially renamed as such until after the 1952 Revolution which eliminated the monarchy. respective celebrated buildings surround the square including, the American University in Cairo ‘s downtown campus, the Mogamma governmental administrative build up, the headquarters of the Arab League, the Nile Ritz Carlton Hotel, and the egyptian Museum. Being at the heart of Cairo, the square witnessed several major protests over the years. however, the most luminary event in the square was being the focal point of the 2011 egyptian Revolution against early president Hosni Mubarak. [ 133 ]

egyptian Museum [edit ]

Main entrance of the Egyptian Museum, located at Tahrir Square. The Museum of egyptian Antiquities, known normally as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most across-the-board collection of ancient egyptian antiquities in the worldly concern. It has 136,000 items on display, with many more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms. Among the collections on display are the finds from the grave of Tutankhamun. [ 134 ]

Grand Egyptian Museum [edit ]

much of the solicitation of the Museum of egyptian Antiquities, including the Tutankhamun collection, are slated to be moved to the new Grand Egyptian Museum, under construction in Giza and was ascribable to open by the end of 2020. [ 135 ] [ 136 ]

Cairo Tower [edit ]

The Cairo Tower is a free-standing tower with a revolving restaurant at the top. It provides a boo ‘s eye see of Cairo to the restaurant patrons. It stands in the Zamalek zone on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the city center. At 187 metres ( 614 feet ), it is 44 metres ( 144 feet ) higher than the Great Pyramid of Giza, which stands some 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) to the southwesterly. [ 137 ]

Old Cairo [edit ]

This sphere of Cairo is so-named as it contains the remains of the ancient Roman fortress of Babylon and besides overlaps the original site of Fustat, the first Arab settlement in Egypt ( seventh hundred AD ) and the predecessor of late Cairo. The area includes the Coptic Cairo, which holds a high concentration of old christian churches such as the Hanging Church, the greek Orthodox Church of St. George, and other Christian or Coptic buildings, most of which are located over the locate of the ancient Roman fortress. It is besides the placement of the Coptic Museum, which showcases the history of Coptic art from Greco-Roman to Islamic times, and of the Ben Ezra Synagogue, the oldest and best-known synagogue in Cairo, where the important solicitation of Geniza documents were discovered in the nineteenth hundred. [ 138 ] To the north of this Coptic enclave is the Amr ibn al-‘As Mosque, the first mosque in Egypt and the most authoritative religious kernel of what was once Fustat, founded in 642 AD right after the arab conquest but rebuilt many times since. [ 139 ]

Islamic Cairo [edit ]

Cairo holds one of the greatest concentrations of diachronic monuments of Islamic architecture in the populace. [ 140 ] The areas around the erstwhile wall city and around the Citadel are characterized by hundreds of mosques, tombs, madrasa, mansions, caravansary, and fortifications dating from the Islamic earned run average and are often referred to as “ Islamic Cairo “, particularly in English travel literature. [ 141 ] It is besides the localization of several authoritative religious shrines such as the al-Hussein Mosque ( whose shrine is believed to hold the pass of Husayn ibn Ali ), the Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi’i ( founder of the Shafi’i madhhab, one of the basal schools of think in Sunni Islamic law ), the Tomb of Sayyida Ruqayya, the Mosque of Sayyida Nafisa, and others. [ 140 ] The foremost mosque in Egypt was the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in what was once Fustat, the first Arab-Muslim settlement in the area. however, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is the oldest mosque that still retains its original form and is a rare example of Abbasid architecture from the classical period of Islamic civilization. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the Abbasid capital of Samarra in Iraq. [ 142 ] It is one of the largest mosques in Cairo and is often cited as one of the most beautiful. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] Another Abbasid structure, the Nilometer on Rhoda Island, is the oldest original structure in Cairo, built in 862 AD. It was designed to measure the charge of the Nile, which was crucial for agrarian and administrative purposes. [ 145 ] The settlement that was formally named Cairo ( Arabic : al-Qahira ) was founded to the northeast of Fustat in 959 ad by the triumphant Fatimid army. The Fatimids built it as a separate palatial city which contained their palaces and institutions of government. It was enclosed by a tour of walls, which were rebuilt in stone in the former eleventh century AD by the vizir Badr al-Gamali, [ 146 ] parts of which survive today at Bab Zuwayla in the south and Bab al-Futuh and Bab al-Nasr in the north. One of the most crucial and survive institutions founded in the Fatimid period was the Mosque of al-Azhar, founded in 970 AD, which competes with the Qarawiyyin in Fes for the title of oldest university in the populace. [ 147 ] today, al-Azhar University is the foremost Center of Islamic learning in the world and one of Egypt ‘s largest universities with campuses across the nation. [ 147 ] The mosque itself retains significant Fatimid elements but has been added to and expanded in subsequent centuries, notably by the Mamluk sultans Qaitbay and al-Ghuri and by Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda in the eighteenth century. other extant monuments from the Fatimid era include the large Mosque of al-hakim, the Aqmar Mosque, Juyushi Mosque, Lulua Mosque, and the Mosque of Al-Salih Tala’i. The most big architectural inheritance of medieval Cairo, however, dates from the Mamluk period, from 1250 to 1517 AD. The Mamluk sultans and elites were tidal bore patrons of religious and scholarly life, normally building religious or funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque, madrasa, khanqah ( for Sufis ), a sabil ( water dispensary ), and a mausoleum for themselves and their families. [ 148 ] Among the best-known examples of Mamluk monuments in Cairo are the huge Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan, the Mosque of Amir al-Maridani, the Mosque of Sultan al-Mu’ayyad ( whose twin minarets were built above the gate of Bab Zuwayla ), the Sultan Al-Ghuri complex, the funerary building complex of Sultan Qaytbay in the Northern Cemetery, and the trio of monuments in the Bayn al-Qasrayn area comprising the complex of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, the Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad, and the Madrasa of Sultan Barquq. Some mosques include spolia ( much columns or capitals ) from earlier buildings built by the Romans, Byzantines, or Copts. [ 140 ] The Mamluks, and the late Ottomans, besides built wikala randomness or caravansary to sign of the zodiac merchants and goods due to the crucial role of trade and department of commerce in Cairo ‘s economy. [ 149 ] still intact nowadays is the Wikala al-Ghuri, which nowadays hosts regular performances by the Al- Tannoura Egyptian Heritage Dance Troupe. [ 150 ] The Khan al-Khalili is a commercial hub which besides integrated caravansary ( besides known as khan south ) .

Citadel of Cairo [edit ]

The Citadel is a spike enclosure begun by Salah al-Din in 1176 AD on an outcrop of the Muqattam Hills as part of a large defensive system to protect both Cairo to the north and Fustat to the southwest. [ 149 ] It was the concentrate of egyptian government and mansion of its rulers until 1874, when Khedive Isma’il moved to ‘Abdin Palace. [ 151 ] It is hush occupied by the military today, but is immediately candid as a tourist drawing card incorporate, notably, the National Military Museum, the fourteenth hundred Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad, and the nineteenth century Mosque of Muhammad Ali which commands a dominant side on Cairo ‘s horizon .

Khan el-Khalili [edit ]

Khan el-Khalili is an ancient bazaar, or market adjacent to the Al-Hussein Mosque. It dates back to 1385, when Amir Jarkas el-Khalili built a large caravansary, or khan. ( A caravansary is a hotel for traders, and normally the focal point for any wall sphere. ) This master carvanserai build was demolished by Sultan al-Ghuri, who rebuilt it as a new commercial complex in the early on sixteenth century, forming the basis for the network of souqs existing today. [ 152 ] many medieval elements remain today, including the flowery Mamluk -style gateways. [ 153 ] nowadays, the Khan el-Khalili is a major tourist attraction and popular catch for enlistment groups. [ 154 ]

society [edit ]

In the present day, Cairo is heavily urbanized and most Cairenes live in apartment buildings. Because of the inflow of people into the city, lone standing houses are rare, and apartment buildings accommodate for the limit space and abundance of people. Single detached houses are normally owned by the affluent. [ 155 ] Formal education is besides seen as significant, with twelve years of standard courtly education. Cairenes can take a standardize screen similar to the SAT to be accepted to an institution of higher determine, but most children do not finish educate and choose to pick up a trade wind to enter the work force. [ 156 ] Egypt still struggles with poverty, with about half the population living on $ 2 or less a day. [ 157 ]

Women ‘s rights [edit ]

The civil rights movement for women in Cairo – and by extent, Egypt – has been a conflict for years. Women are reported to side constant discrimination, intimate harassment, and abuse throughout Cairo. A 2013 UN cogitation found that over 99 % of egyptian women reported experiencing sexual harassment at some degree in their lives. [ 158 ] The trouble has persisted in malice of new national laws since 2014 define and criminalizing sexual harassment. [ 159 ] The situation is thus austere that in 2017, Cairo was named by one poll as the most dangerous megacity for women in the global. [ 160 ] In 2020, the social media account “ Assault Police ” began to name and shame perpetrators of violence against women, in an effort to dissuade potential offenders. [ 161 ] The account was founded by scholar Nadeen Ashraf, who is credited for instigating an iteration of the # MeToo movement in Egypt. [ 162 ]

pollution [edit ]

The air out befoulment in Cairo is a matter of dangerous concern. Greater Cairo ‘s fickle aromatic hydrocarbon levels are higher than many other similar cities. [ 163 ] Air choice measurements in Cairo have besides been recording dangerous levels of lead, carbon paper dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter concentrations due to decades of unregulated fomite emissions, urban industrial operations, and chaff and trash burning. There are over 4,500,000 cars on the streets of Cairo, 60 % of which are over 10 years old, and therefore lack modern emission cut features. Cairo has a identical inadequate distribution factor because of its lack of rain and its layout of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowling ball effect. [ 164 ]
Smog in Cairo In late years, a black obscure ( as Egyptians refer to it ) of smog has appeared over Cairo every fall due to temperature inversion. Smog causes serious respiratory diseases and eye irritations for the city ‘s citizens. Tourists who are not familiar with such high levels of befoulment must take extra concern. [ 165 ] Cairo besides has many unregistered run and copper smelters which heavily pollute the city. The results of this has been a permanent haze over the city with particulate count in the air reaching over three times normal levels. It is estimated that 10,000 to 25,000 people a class in Cairo die due to air pollution-related diseases. lead has been shown to cause injury to the cardinal nervous system and neurotoxicity particularly in children. [ 166 ] In 1995, the first environmental acts were introduced and the situation has seen some improvement with 36 air monitor stations and emissions tests on cars. Twenty thousand buses have besides been commissioned to the city to improve congestion levels, which are identical high. [ 167 ]
traffic in Cairo The city besides suffers from a high level of land contamination. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material each day, 4,000 tons of which is not collected or managed. This is a huge health gamble, and the egyptian Government is looking for ways to combat this. The Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency was founded to collect and recycle the pine away ; they work with the Zabbaleen community that has been collecting and recycling Cairo ‘s lay waste to since the flex of the twentieth hundred and live in an area known locally as Manshiyat naser. [ 168 ] Both are working in concert to pick up deoxyadenosine monophosphate much godforsaken as possible within the city limits, though it remains a press problem. Water contamination is besides a serious problem in the city as the gutter system tends to fail and overflow. On affair, sewage has escaped onto the streets to create a health guess. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new gutter system funded by the European Union, which could cope with the need of the city. The perilously high levels of mercury in the city ‘s urine system has ball-shaped health officials concerned over refer health risks .

International relations [edit ]

The Headquarters of the Arab League is located in Tahrir Square, near the downtown business zone of Cairo .

Twin towns – sister cities [edit ]

Cairo is twinned with : [ 169 ]

luminary people [edit ]

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

1. ^ Cairo Metropolitan is enlarged to cover all the area within the Governorate limits. government statistics consider that the whole governorate is urban and the hale governorate is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Cairo. Governorate Cairo is considered a city-proper and functions as a municipality. The city of Alexandria is on the same rationale as the city of Cairo, being a governorate-city. Because of this, it is difficult to divide Cairo into urban, rural, subdivisions, or to eliminate certain parts of the metropolitan administrative territory on versatile theme ( unofficial statistics and data ) .

References [edit ]

Works cited [edit ]

further reading [edit ]

Photos and videos [edit ]