California – Wikipedia

California is a state in the Western United States. California borders Oregon to the union, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican department of state of Baja California to the south. With over 39.5 million residents across a sum area of approximately 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ), it is the most populous and the third-largest U.S. state by area. It is besides the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the worldly concern. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the state ‘s second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the erstwhile having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. [ 13 ] Sacramento is the country ‘s capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the department of state and the second base most populous city in the area ( after New York City ). Los Angeles County is the state ‘s most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. San Francisco, which is both a city and a county, is the irregular most dumbly populate major city in the country ( after New York City ) and the fifth most densely populated county in the state, behind four of New York City ‘s five boroughs. The economy of California, with a megascopic express merchandise of $ 3.2 trillion as of 2019, is the largest sub-national economy in the world. [ 14 ] If it were a area, it would be the 37th most populous country and the one-fifth largest economy as of 2020. [ 15 ] The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation ‘s second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.0 trillion and $ 0.5 trillion respectively as of 2020 ), after the New York metropolitan sphere ( $ 1.8 trillion ). [ 16 ] The San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area had the nation ‘s highest gross domestic product per head ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas in 2018, [ 17 ] and is home to five of the world ‘s ten-spot largest companies by grocery store capitalization [ 18 ] and four of the world ‘s ten rich people. [ 19 ] anterior to european colonization, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically divers areas in pre-columbian North America and contained the highest native american population concentration north of what is now Mexico. european exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization of California by the spanish Empire. In 1804, it was included in Alta California province within the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The area became a separate of Mexico in 1821, following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The western part of Alta California was then organized and admitted as the 31st state of matter on September 9, 1850, following the Compromise of 1850. The California Gold Rush started in 1848 and led to dramatic social and demographic changes, including large-scale immigration into California, a global economic boom, and the California genocide of autochthonal people. noteworthy contributions to popular culture, for example in entertainment and sports, have their origins in California. The submit besides has made noteworthy contributions in the fields of communication, data, initiation, environmentalism, economics, and politics. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] It is the home of Hollywood, the oldest and largest film industry in the populace, which has had a heavy consequence on global entertainment. It is considered the origin of the hippie counterculture, beach and car culture, [ 23 ] and the personal calculator, [ 24 ] among other innovations. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are wide seen as the centers of the global technology and film industries, respectively. California ‘s economy is very diverse : 58 % of it is based on finance, government, real estate services, engineering, and professional, scientific, and technical business services. [ 27 ] Although it accounts for only 1.5 % of the state ‘s economy, [ 27 ] California ‘s department of agriculture diligence has the highest output of any U.S. state. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] California ‘s ports and harbors handle about a third of all U.S. imports, most originating in Pacific Rim external trade. The state ‘s highly divers geography ranges from the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east, and from the sequoia and Douglas fir forests in the northwesterly to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, a major agricultural area, dominates the express ‘s center. Although California is well known for its warm Mediterranean climate and monsoon seasonal worker upwind, the boastfully size of the state results in climates that vary from damp temperate rain forest in the north to arid abandon in the department of the interior, a well as snow-white alpine in the mountains. All these factors lead to an enormous demand for water. Over time, droughts and wildfires have increased in frequency and become less seasonal worker and more year-round, far straining California ‘s water security. [ 31 ] [ 32 ]

etymology

The Spaniards gave the name Las Californias to the peninsula of Baja California and to Alta California, the region that became the contemporary state of California. The diagnose probable derived from the fabulous island of California in the fictional fib of Queen Calafia, as recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. [ 33 ] This function was the fifth in a popular spanish chivalric romance series that began with Amadís de Gaula. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Queen Calafia ‘s kingdom was said to be a remote control down rich in gold and pearl, inhabited by beautiful black women who wore gold armor and lived like Amazons, arsenic well as griffins and other foreign beasts. [ 33 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] In the fabricated paradise, the rule Queen Calafia fought aboard Muslims and her name may have been chosen to echo the title of a Muslim drawing card, the Caliph. It is possible the name California was meant to imply the island was a Caliphate. [ 33 ] [ 39 ]

Know ye that at the right bridge player of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to that character of the Terrestrial Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a individual homo among them, and they lived in the manner of Amazons. They were full-bodied of body with potent passionate hearts and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in the global on report of the bold and cragged rocks .Chapter CLVII of The Adventures of Esplandián[40]

Shortened forms of the department of state ‘s name include CA, Cal, Cali, Calif, Califas, and US-CA .

history

A map of California tribal groups and languages at the time of european contact

inaugural inhabitants

Settled by consecutive waves of arrivals during at least the final 13,000 years, [ 41 ] California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-columbian North America. [ 42 ] Various estimates of the native population roll from 100,000 to 300,000. The autochthonal peoples of California included more than 70 distinct cultural groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the home. California groups besides were diverse in their political organization with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, endogamy and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the divers groups .

spanish rule

The first Europeans to explore the California coast were the members of a spanish sail expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo ; they entered San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and reached at least as far north as San Miguel Island. Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined part of the California coast in 1579, landing north of the future city of San Francisco. The beginning Asians to set metrical foot on what would be the United States occurred in 1587, when Filipino sailors arrived in spanish ships at Morro Bay. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ note 1 ] Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain, putting ashore in Monterey. Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the sixteenth hundred, Rodríguez ‘s idea of California as an island persisted. such depictions appeared on many european maps well into the eighteenth century. [ 51 ] After the Portolà expedition of 1769–70, spanish missionaries led by Junipero Serra began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the seashore of Alta ( Upper ) California, beginning in San Diego. During the like period, spanish military forces built several forts ( presidios ) and three small towns ( pueblos ). The San Francisco Mission grew into the city of San Francisco, and two of the pueblo grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. respective other smaller cities and towns besides sprang up surrounding the respective spanish missions and pueblo, which remain to this day. During this same menstruation, sailors from the Russian Empire explored along the California seashore and in 1812 established a trade post at Fort Ross. Russia ‘s early 19th-century coastal settlements in California were positioned merely north of the northernmost edge of the area of spanish colonization in San Francisco Bay, and were the southernmost russian settlements in North America. The russian settlements associated with Fort Ross were spread from Point Arena to Tomales Bay. [ 53 ]

mexican predominate

[54] Map showing Alta California in 1838, when it was a sparsely populate Mexican state In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico ( including California ) independence from Spain. For the adjacent 25 years, Alta California remained as a distant, sparsely populate, northwestern administrative zone of the newly mugwump country of Mexico. The missions, which controlled most of the best land in the state of matter, were secularized by 1834 and became the place of the mexican politics. [ 55 ] The governor granted many squarely leagues of land to others with political influence. These huge ranchos or cattle ranches emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios ( Hispanics native of California ) who traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants. Beef did not become a commodity until the 1849 California Gold Rush. From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and the future Canada arrived in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the furrowed mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California .
The early politics of the newly independent Mexico was highly fluid, and in a mirror image of this, from 1831 onwards, California besides experienced a series of armed disputes, both inner and with the cardinal mexican politics. [ 56 ] During this disruptive political time period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship during 1836–1842. [ 57 ] The military action which first brought Alvarado to office had momentarily declared California to be an freelancer state, and had been aided by anglo-american residents of California, [ 58 ] including Isaac Graham. [ 59 ] In 1840, one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham Affair, which was resolved in character with the intercession of Royal Navy officials. [ 58 ]
One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh. After failing to obtain judge against squatters on his domain from the mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, the land, and other reasons to settle there, equally well as the best route to follow, which became known as “ Marsh ‘s road ”. His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the nation, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California. [ 60 ] He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled, and assisted in their prevail passports. [ 61 ] After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh became involved in a military struggle between the much-hated Mexican general, Manuel Micheltorena and the California governor he had replaced, Juan Bautista Alvarado. The armies of each meet at the Battle of Providencia near Los Angeles. Marsh had been forced against his will to join Micheltorena ‘s army. Ignoring his superiors, during the battle, he signaled the other side for a parley. There were many settlers from the United States fighting on both sides. He convinced these men that they had no cause to be fighting each other. As a result of Marsh ‘s actions, they abandoned the fight, Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship. This paved the way to California ‘s ultimate acquisition by the United States. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ]

California Republic and conquest

In 1846, a group of american settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican principle during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterwards, rebels raised the Bear Flag ( featuring a hold, a headliner, a red stripe and the words “ California Republic ” ) at Sonoma. The Republic ‘s entirely president was William B. Ide, [ 67 ] who played a pivotal character during the Bear Flag Revolt. This disgust by american settlers served as a prelude to the by and by american english military invasion of California and was closely coordinated with nearby american military commanders. The California Republic was ephemeral ; [ 68 ] the lapp year marked the outbreak of the Mexican–American War ( 1846–48 ). [ 69 ] When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the United States forces. [ 70 ] After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing american control in California. [ 71 ]

early american time period

Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( February 2, 1848 ) that ended the war, the westernmost share of the annex Mexican district of Alta California soon became the american english country of California, and the end of the honest-to-god territory was then subdivided into the newly american Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The evening more lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a partially of Mexico. In 1846, the sum settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be nobelium more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 native Americans, down from about 300,000 before spanish american settlement in 1769. [ 72 ] In 1848, only one week before the official american annexation of the area, aureate was discovered in California, this being an consequence which was to everlastingly alter both the express ‘s demographics and its finances. Soon subsequently, a massive inflow of immigration into the area resulted, as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands. The population burgeoned with United States citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the big California Gold Rush. By the clock time of California ‘s application for statehood in 1850, the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000. By 1854, more than 300,000 settlers had come. [ 73 ] Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000. [ 74 ] California was suddenly no longer a sparsely populate backwater, but apparently overnight it had grown into a major population center. The buttocks of government for California under spanish and later Mexican principle had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845. [ 55 ] Pio Pico, the last Mexican governor of Alta California, had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate had besides been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin. In 1849, a department of state Constitutional Convention was first base held in Monterey. Among the beginning tasks of the conventionality was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first entire legislative sessions were held in San Jose ( 1850–1851 ). subsequent locations included Vallejo ( 1852–1853 ), and nearby Benicia ( 1853–1854 ) ; these locations finally proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 [ 75 ] with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco ascribable to flooding in Sacramento. Once the department of state ‘s Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the U.S. Congress for entree to statehood. On September 9, 1850, as region of the Compromise of 1850, California became a exempt country and September 9 a country vacation. During the American Civil War ( 1861–1865 ), California sent gold shipments eastwards to Washington in support of the Union. [ 76 ] however, due to the being of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state, the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to formally serve in the Union war attempt. even, several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of matter of California, such as the “ California 100 party ”, ascribable to a majority of their members being from California. At the time of California ‘s admission into the Union, travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time-consuming and dangerous feat. Nineteen years late, and seven years after it was greenlighted by President Lincoln, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869. California was then approachable from the eastern States in a week ‘s clock time. much of the state was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and farming in general. huge expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and crackpot and fruit trees were grown ( including oranges in Southern California ), and the foundation was laid for the state of matter ‘s colossal agrarian product in the Central Valley and elsewhere. In the nineteenth century, a large number of migrants from China traveled to the state as separate of the Gold Rush or to seek influence. [ 77 ] even though the Chinese proved essential in building the transcontinental railroad from California to Utah, perceived job competition with the Chinese led to anti-Chinese riots in the country, and finally the US ended migration from China partially as a response to pressure from California with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. [ 78 ]

autochthonal peoples

Under earlier spanish and mexican principle, California ‘s original native population had precipitously declined, above all, from eurasian diseases to which the autochthonal people of California had not so far developed a natural unsusceptibility. [ 79 ] Under its new american english administration, California ‘s harsh governmental policies towards its own autochthonal people did not improve. As in early american states, many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming american english settlers such as miners, ranchers, and farmers. Although California had entered the American union as a free state, the “ loiter or orphaned Indians ” were de facto enslaved by their new anglo-american masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. [ 80 ] There were besides massacres in which hundreds of autochthonal people were killed. between 1850 and 1860, the California state of matter government paid around 1.5 million dollars ( some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the union politics ) [ 81 ] to hire militias whose aim was to protect settlers from the autochthonal populations. In later decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were much small and isolate and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them. [ 82 ] As a resultant role, the surface of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants. respective scholars and native american activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide. [ 82 ] [ 83 ]

1900–present

In the twentieth hundred, thousands of japanese people migrated to the US and California specifically to attempt to purchase and own kingdom in the state. however, the state in 1913 passed the Alien Land Act, excluding asian immigrants from owning country. [ 84 ] During World War II, japanese Americans in California were interned in concentration camps such as at Tule Lake and Manzanar. [ 85 ] In 2020, California officially apologized for this imprisonment. [ 86 ] migration to California accelerated during the early twentieth hundred with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to the greatest in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California ‘s population as 6.0 % Hispanic, 2.4 % asian, and 89.5 % non-Hispanic white. [ 87 ] To meet the population ‘s needs, major mastermind feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts ; the Oroville and Shasta Dams ; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the submit. The state government besides adopted the California Master plan for Higher education in 1960 to develop a highly effective organization of public department of education. meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, brassy country, and the state ‘s broad variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percentage of sum United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third ( behind New York and Michigan ) among the 48 states. [ 88 ] California however well ranked first in production of military ships during the war ( transportation, cargo, [ merchant ships ] such as Liberty ships, Victory ships, and warships ) at dry-dock facilities in San Diego, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] After World War II, California ‘s economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries, [ 93 ] whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California rather of leaving the state of matter, and develop a high-tech region in the sphere now known as Silicon Valley. [ 95 ] As a result of these efforts, California is regarded as a global concentrate of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace diligence, and as the United States center of agrarian output. Just before the Dot Com Bust, California had the fifth-largest economy in the world among nations. [ 97 ] yet since 1991, and starting in the belated 1980s in Southern California, California has seen a net personnel casualty of domestic migrants in most years. This is frequently referred to by the media as the California exodus. [ 98 ]
In the mid and late twentieth century, a issue of race-related incidents occurred in the country. Tensions between police and african Americans, combined with unemployment and poverty in inner cities, led to fierce riots, such as the 1965 Watts riots and 1992 Rodney King riots. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] California was besides the hub of the Black Panther Party, a group known for arming african Americans to combat perceived racial injustice. [ 101 ] Additionally, Mexican, Filipino, and other migrant farm workers rallied in the state around Cesar Chavez for better give in the 1960s and 1970s. [ 102 ] During the twentieth century, two great disasters happened in California. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood tide remain the deadly in U.S history. [ 103 ] Although air contamination problems have been reduced, health problems associated with contamination have continued. The brown university haze known as “ smog “ has been well abated after the passage of federal and state restrictions on car exhaust. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] An energy crisis in 2001 led to rolling blackouts, soaring power rates, and the importing of electricity from neighboring states. Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric Company came under heavy criticism. [ 106 ] Housing prices in urban areas continued to increase ; a meek home which in the 1960s cost $ 25,000 would cost half a million dollars or more in urban areas by 2005. More people commuted longer hours to afford a home in more rural areas while earning larger salaries in the urban areas. Speculators bought houses they never intended to live in, expecting to make a huge profit in a matter of months, then rolling it over by buying more properties. mortgage companies were compliant, as everyone assumed the prices would keep rising. The bubble explosion in 2007-8 as house prices began to crash and the boom years ended. Hundreds of billions in property values vanished and foreclosures soared as many fiscal institutions and investors were ill hurt. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] In the twenty-first hundred, droughts and patronize wildfires attributed to climate exchange have occurred in the state. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] From 2011 to 2017, a persistent drought was the worst in its record history. [ 111 ] The 2018 wildfire temper was the state of matter ‘s deadly and most destructive. [ 112 ]

geography

California is the third-largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas. [ 113 ] California is one of the most geographically divers states in the union and is often geographically bisected into two regions, Southern California, comprising the ten southernmost counties, [ 114 ] [ 115 ] and Northern California, comprising the 48 northernmost counties. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] It is bordered by Oregon to the union, Nevada to the east and northeast, Arizona to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and it shares an external bound with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south ( with which it makes up part of The Californias region of North America, aboard Baja California Sur ). In the center of the submit lies the California Central Valley, bounded by the Sierra Nevada in the east, the coastal batch ranges in the west, the Cascade Range to the union and by the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California ‘s productive agricultural heartland. Divided in two by the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the northerly part, the Sacramento Valley serves as the landmark of the Sacramento River, while the southerly share, the San Joaquin Valley is the landmark for the San Joaquin River. Both valleys derive their names from the rivers that flow through them. With dredge, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained deep enough for respective inland cities to be seaports. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta is a critical water system provision hub for the state. Water is diverted from the delta and through an extensive network of pumps and canals that traverse closely the duration of the express, to the Central Valley and the State Water Projects and other needs. water from the Delta provides drink water for about 23 million people, about two-thirds of the state ‘s population a well as water for farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. Suisun Bay lies at the concourse of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The water is drained by the Carquinez Strait, which flows into San Pablo Bay, a northern extension of San Francisco Bay, which then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. The Channel Islands are located off the Southern slide, while the Farallon Islands lie west of San Francisco. The Sierra Nevada ( spanish for “ white image ” ) includes the highest extremum in the adjacent 48 states, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet ( 4,421 molarity ). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The range embraces Yosemite Valley, celebrated for its glacially carved domes, and Sequoia National Park, home to the colossus sequoia trees, the largest living organism on Earth, and the deep fresh water lake, Lake Tahoe, the largest lake in the state of matter by volume. To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential migratory bird habitat. In the western separate of the state is clear Lake, the largest fresh water lake by area wholly in California. Although Lake Tahoe is larger, it is divided by the California/Nevada boundary line. The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several twelve small glaciers, including Palisade Glacier, the southernmost glacier in the United States. The Tulare Lake was the largest fresh water lake west of the Mississippi River. A leftover of Pleistocene -era Lake Corcoran, Tulare Lake dried up by the early twentieth hundred after its tributary rivers were diverted for agrarian irrigation and municipal water system uses. [ 118 ] About 45 percentage of the country ‘s entire surface area is covered by forests, [ 119 ] and California ‘s diversity of pine species is odd by any other department of state. California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska. Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the universe ; an individual bristlecone pine is over 5,000 years old. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] In the confederacy is a large inland strategic arms limitation talks lake, the Salton Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave ; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America, the Badwater Basin at −279 feet ( −85 thousand ). [ 7 ] The horizontal distance from the bottom of Death Valley to the top of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles ( 140 kilometer ). indeed, about all of southeastern California is arid, hot desert, with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer. The southeast border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River, from which the southerly depart of the state gets about one-half of its water. A majority of California ‘s cities are located in either the San Francisco Bay Area or the Sacramento metropolitan area in Northern California ; or the Los Angeles sphere, the Inland Empire, or the San Diego metropolitan area in Southern California. The Los Angeles Area, the Bay Area, and the San Diego metropolitan area are among respective major metropolitan areas along the California seashore. As share of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It has many earthquakes ascribable to several faults running through the state, the largest being the San Andreas Fault. About 37,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, but most are excessively small to be felt. [ 122 ]

climate

Although most of the state has a Mediterranean climate, due to the state ‘s large size the climate ranges from polar to subtropical. The cool California Current offshore frequently creates summer fog near the slide. Farther inland, there are colder winters and hot summers. The nautical moderation results in the shoreline summer temperatures of Los Angeles and San Francisco being the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in the inside and on the east coast of the north american english continent. even the San Diego shoreline bordering Mexico is cool in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States. Just a few miles inland, summer temperature extremes are importantly higher, with downtown Los Angeles being respective degrees warmer than at the coast. The lapp microclimate phenomenon is seen in the climate of the Bay Area, where areas sheltered from the sea experience significantly hotter summers than nearby areas closer to the ocean. Northern parts of the state have more rain than the south. California ‘s mountain ranges besides influence the climate : some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Northwestern California has a temperate climate, and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast. The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have an alpine climate with snow in winter and meek to moderate heat in summer .
California ‘s mountains produce rain shadows on the easterly side, creating across-the-board deserts. The higher aggrandizement deserts of eastern California have hot summers and cold winters, while the low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have hot summers and about frostless meek winters. Death Valley, a desert with big expanses below sea level, is considered the hottest location in the world ; the highest temperature in the populace, [ 123 ] [ 124 ] 134 °F ( 56.7 °C ), was recorded there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in California was −45 °F ( −43 °C ) on January 20, 1937, in Boca. [ 125 ] The postpone below lists average temperatures for January and August in a choice of places throughout the submit ; some highly populated and some not. This includes the relatively cool summers of the Humboldt Bay region around Eureka, the extreme point heat of Death Valley, and the mountain climate of Mammoth in the Sierra Nevada .

ecology

California is one of the richest and most divers parts of the earth, and includes some of the most endanger ecological communities. California is separate of the Nearctic kingdom and spans a number of mundane ecoregions. [ 127 ] California ‘s large number of autochthonal species includes relict species, which have died out elsewhere, such as the Catalina ironwood ( Lyonothamnus floribundus ). many early endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of divers ecological conditions such as the California lilac ( Ceanothus ). many California endemics have become endangered, as urbanization, logging, overgrazing, and the introduction of alien species have encroached on their habitat .

Flora and fauna

California boasts several superlatives in its solicitation of flora : the largest trees, the tallest trees, and the oldest trees. California ‘s native grasses are perennial plants. [ 128 ] After european contact, these were by and large replaced by invasive species of european annual grasses ; and, in modern times, California ‘s hills turn a characteristic golden-brown in summer. [ 129 ] Because California has the greatest diverseness of climate and terrain, the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran Desert ; upper berth Sonoran ( foothill regions and some coastal lands ), conversion ( coastal areas and damp northeastern counties ) ; and the Canadian, Hudsonian, and Arctic Zones, comprising the express ‘s highest elevations. [ 130 ]
Plant life sentence in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diverseness of native cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a diverseness of asters. Fremont cottonwood and valley oak boom in the Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zone includes the scrub knock, characterized by forests of belittled shrubs, stunted trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila, mint, Phacelia, Viola, and the California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica, the state bloom ) besides boom in this partition, along with the lupine, more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the earth. [ 130 ] The transition zone includes most of California ‘s forests with the redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) and the “ big corner ” or colossus sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ), among the oldest surviving things on worldly concern ( some are said to have lived at least 4,000 years ). Tanbark oak, California laurel, carbohydrate ache, madrona, broadleaf maple, and Douglas-fir besides grow here. Forest floors are covered with swordfern, alumnroot, barrenwort, and trillium, and there are thickets of huckleberry, azalea, elder, and raving mad currant. feature wild flowers include varieties of mariposa, tulip, and tiger and leopard lilies. [ 131 ] The high elevations of the Canadian zone allow the Jeffrey pine, red fir, and shore pine ache to thrive. Brushy areas are abundant with shadow manzanita and ceanothus ; the alone Sierra earthball is besides found here. Right below the timber line, in the Hudsonian zone, the whitebark, foxtail, and ash grey pines grow. At about 10,500 feet ( 3,200 meter ), begins the Arctic partition, a unwooded region whose flora include a number of wildflowers, including Sierra primrose, yellow columbine, alpine buttercup, and alpine shooting star. [ 130 ] [ 132 ]
common plants that have been introduced to the express include the eucalyptus, acacia, pepper corner, geranium, and Scotch broom. The species that are federally classified as endangered are the Contra Costa wallflower, Antioch Dunes evening primrose, Solano grass, San Clemente Island larkspur, salt marsh bird ‘s beak, McDonald ‘s rock-cress, and Santa Barbara Island liveforever. As of December 1997, 85 plant species were listed as threaten or endangered. [ 130 ] In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone, the mammals include the jackrabbit, kangaroo fink, squirrel, and opossum. common birds include the owl, roadrunner, cactus wren, and respective species of peddle. The area ‘s reptile animation include the sidewinder viper, desert tortoise, and horned frog. The upper berth Sonoran partition boasts mammals such as the antelope, brown-footed woodrat, and ring-tailed cat. Birds singular to this partition are the California thrasher, bushtit, and California condor. [ 130 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] [ 135 ] In the transition zone, there are colombian black-tailed deer, black bears, gray foxes, cougars, bobcats, and Roosevelt wapiti. Reptiles such as the garter snakes and rattlesnakes inhabit the zone. In addition, amphibians such as the water puppy and sequoia poker are common excessively. Birds such as the kingfisher, chickadee, towhee, and hummingbird thrive hera arsenic well. [ 130 ] [ 136 ] The Canadian partition mammals include the mountain weasel, snowshoe hare, and several species of chipmunks. conspicuous birds include the blue-fronted jay, batch chickadee, hermit thrush, american little dipper, and Townsend ‘s solitaire. As one ascends into the Hudsonian zone, birds become scarce. While the gray-crowned blushful finch is the merely shuttlecock native to the high Arctic region, other dame species such as Anna ‘s hummingbird and Clark ‘s nutcracker. [ citation needed ] Principal mammals found in this area include the Sierra coney, white-tailed jackrabbit, and the bighorn sheep. As of April 2003, the bighorn sheep was listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The animal found throughout several zones are the mule deer, coyote, mountain leo, northerly flicker, and several species of hawk and hedge sparrow. [ 130 ]
aquatic life in California thrives, from the submit ‘s mountain lakes and streams to the rough Pacific coastline. numerous trout species are found, among them rainbow, fortunate, and cutthroat. Migratory species of salmon are common as well. Deep-sea life forms include ocean bass, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and several types of whale. native to the cliffs of northerly California are seals, ocean lions, and many types of shorebirds, including migratory species. [ 130 ] As of April 2003, 118 California animals were on the federal endanger list ; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened. Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox, Point Arena batch beaver, Pacific pocket mouse, salt marsh harvest shiner, Morro Bay kangaroo rat ( and five other species of kangaroo rat ), Amargosa vole, California least tern, California condor, loggerhead shrike, San Clemente sage hedge sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. football team butterflies are besides endangered [ 137 ] and two that are threatened are on the federal tilt. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Among threaten animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher, Paiute cutthroat trout, southern ocean otter, and northern spotted owl. California has a total of 290,821 acres ( 1,176.91 km2 ) of National Wildlife Refuges. [ 130 ] As of September 2010, 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list. [ 140 ] besides, as of the same class, 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal number. [ 140 ]

Rivers

The most outstanding river arrangement within California is formed by the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River, which are fed largely by snowmelt from the west gradient of the Sierra Nevada, and respectively drain the union and confederacy halves of the Central Valley. The two rivers join in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, flowing into the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. many major tributaries feed into the Sacramento–San Joaquin system, including the Pit River, Feather River and Tuolumne River. The Klamath and Trinity Rivers drain a bombastic sphere in far northwestern California. The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast, north and confederacy of San Francisco Bay, respectively. The Mojave River is the chief watercourse in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects southern California. The Colorado River forms the state of matter ‘s southeast molding with Arizona. Most of California ‘s major rivers are dammed as part of two massive water projects : the Central Valley Project, providing urine for department of agriculture in the Central Valley, and the California State Water Project diverting water from northern to southern California. The state ‘s coasts, rivers, and early bodies of urine are regulated by the California Coastal Commission .

Regions

Demographics

population

The United States Census Bureau reports that the population of California was 39,538,223 on April 1, 2020, a 6.13 % increase since the 2010 United States census. [ 8 ] The population was projected to reach forty million by 2020. [ 144 ] between 2000 and 2009, there was a lifelike addition of 3,090,016 ( 5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths ). [ 145 ] During this fourth dimension menstruation, international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net income decrease of 1,509,708, resulting in a net immigration of 306,925 people. [ 145 ] The submit of California ‘s own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009. [ 146 ] however, according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, since 1990 about 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states, with most leaving to Texas, Nevada, and Arizona. [ 147 ] According to the Department of Finance, California ‘s population declined by 182,083 people in 2020, the first clock time that there has been a net decrease in population since 1900. [ 148 ] Within the Western hemisphere California is the second gear most populous sub-national administrative entity ( behind the state of matter of São Paulo in Brazil ) [ 149 ] and third most populous sub-national entity of any kind outside Asia ( in which wider class it besides ranks behind England in the United Kingdom, which has no administrative functions ). California ‘s population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with about half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. conversely, San Francisco, with about one-fourth the population concentration of Manhattan, is the most dumbly populated city in California and one of the most densely populate cities in the United States. besides, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states. [ 152 ] [ 153 ] Including Los Angeles, four of the lead 20 most populous cities in the U.S. are in California : Los Angeles ( 2nd ), San Diego ( 8th ), San Jose ( 10th ), and San Francisco ( 17th ). The center of population of California is located four miles west-southwest of the city of Shafter, Kern County. [ note 2 ] As of 2018, the average animation anticipation in California was 80.8 years, above the national average of 78.7, which is the second highest in the country. [ 155 ]

Cities and towns

The state has 482 incorporated cities and towns, of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms “ city ” and “ town ” are explicitly interchangeable ; the name of an integrate municipality in the state can either be “ City of ( mention ) ” or “ Town of ( name ) ”. [ 156 ] Sacramento became California ‘s first incorporated city on February 27, 1850. [ 157 ] San Jose, San Diego, and Benicia tied for California ‘s second incorporate city, each receiving internalization on March 27, 1850. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Jurupa Valley became the country ‘s most recent and 482nd incorporate municipality, on July 1, 2011. [ 161 ] [ 162 ] The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas : the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, the Riverside-San Bernardino Area, the San Diego metropolitan area, or the Sacramento metropolitan area .

migration

Starting in the year 2010, for the first base time since the California Gold Rush, California-born residents make up the majority of the submit ‘s population. [ 165 ] Along with the pillow of the United States, California ‘s immigration model has besides shifted over the course of the deep 2000s to early 2010s. [ 166 ] immigration from latin american countries has dropped importantly with most immigrants now coming from Asia. [ 167 ] In sum for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. fifty-seven percentage came from asian countries versus 22 % from romance american english countries. [ 167 ] net immigration from Mexico, previously the most coarse state of beginning for raw immigrants, has dropped to zero / less than zero since more mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating. [ 166 ] As a solution, it is projected that spanish american citizens will constitute 49 % of the population by 2060, rather of the previously projected 2050, due primarily to domestic births. [ 166 ] [ 168 ] The state ‘s population of undocumented immigrants has been shrinking in late years, ascribable to increased enforcement and decreased job opportunities for lower-skilled workers. [ 169 ] The total of migrants arrested attempting to cross the mexican frame in the Southwest decreased from a high of 1.1 million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011. [ 170 ] Despite these recent trends, illegal aliens constituted an estimated 7.3 percentage of the state ‘s population, the one-third highest percentage of any state in the country, [ 171 ] [ notice 3 ] totaling about 2.6 million. [ 172 ] In particular, illegal immigrants tended to be concentrated in Los Angeles, Monterey, San Benito, Imperial, and Napa Counties—the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual department of labor. [ 173 ] More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico. [ 172 ] The country of California and some California cities, including Los Angeles, Oakland and San Francisco, [ 174 ] have adopted refuge policies. [ 175 ]

subspecies and ethnicity

According to the United States Census Bureau in 2018 the population self-identifies as ( alone or in combination ) : [ 180 ]
By ethnicity, in 2018 the population was 60.7 % non-Hispanic ( of any race ) and 39.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ). Hispanics are the largest unmarried heathen group in California. [ 180 ] Non-Hispanic whites constituted 36.8 % of the express ‘s population. [ 180 ] Californios are the spanish american residents native to California, who make up the Spanish-speaking community that has existed in California since 1542, of varying mexican American / Chicano, Criollo Spaniard, and Mestizo origin. [ 181 ] As of 2011, 75.1 % of California ‘s population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ( blank Hispanics are counted as minorities ). [ 182 ] In terms of entire numbers, California has the largest population of White Americans in the United States, an estimated 22,200,000 residents. The state has the 5th largest population of african Americans in the United States, an estimated 2,250,000 residents. California ‘s asian american population is estimated at 4.4 million, constituting a one-third of the nation ‘s total. California ‘s native american population of 285,000 is the most of any submit. [ 183 ] According to estimates from 2011, California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers, making up 60 % of the state population. [ 184 ] Over the past 25 years, the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined, while hispanic and asian populations have grown. between 1970 and 2011, non-Hispanic whites declined from 80 % of the state ‘s population to 40 %, while Hispanics grew from 32 % in 2000 to 38 % in 2011. [ 185 ] It is presently projected that Hispanics will rise to 49 % of the population by 2060, chiefly due to domestic births rather than immigration. [ 168 ] With the descent of immigration from Latin America, asian Americans now constitute the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in California ; this growth is primarily driven by immigration from China, India and the Philippines, respectively. [ 186 ]

Languages

english serves as California ‘s delaware jure and de facto official lyric. In 2010, the Modern Language Association of America estimated that 57.02 % ( 19,429,309 ) of California residents long time 5 and older spoke merely English at home, while 42.98 % spoke another speech at family. According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 73 % of people who speak a terminology early than English at home are able to speak english “ well ” or “ very good, ” while 9.8 % of them could not speak English at all. [ 188 ] Like most U.S. states ( 32 out of 50 ), California law enshrines English as its official language, and has done so since the passage of Proposition 63 by California voters. respective government agencies do, and are often required to, furnish documents in the assorted languages needed to reach their intended audiences. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] In full, 16 languages early than English were spoken as primary languages at home by more than 100,000 persons, more than any other state in the state. New York State, in second place, had nine languages other than English spoken by more than 100,000 persons. [ 192 ] The most coarse linguistic process spoken besides English was spanish, spoken by 28.46 % ( 9,696,638 ) of the population. [ 168 ] [ 166 ] With Asia contributing most of California ‘s new immigrants, California had the highest concentration nationwide of vietnamese and taiwanese speakers, the second highest concentration of Korean, and the third base highest concentration of Tagalog speakers. [ 188 ] California has historically been one of the most linguistically divers areas in the populace, with more than 70 autochthonal languages derived from 64 rout languages in six lyric families. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different autochthonal languages among California farmworkers. [ 195 ] All of California ‘s autochthonal languages are endangered, although there are now efforts toward terminology revival. [ note 5 ] As a result of the country ‘s increasing diverseness and migration from other areas across the nation and around the earth, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of speak american English in California since the belated twentieth hundred. This variety, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from varieties of american English used in other regions of the United States. [ 196 ]

polish

The culture of California is a western culture and most distinctly has its mod roots in the culture of the United States, but besides, historically, many Hispanic Californio and Mexican influences. As a bound and coastal state, californian acculturation has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations, specially those from Latin America and Asia. [ 197 ] [ failed verification ]

California has long been a national of interest in the public thinker and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the early twentieth hundred, fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters, many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination, cheery and dry all year attack with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the prototype of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers. The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California ‘s economic style, which tends to generate engineering, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and relate busts .

Mass media and entertainment

Two outstanding California landmarks representing the state ‘s mass media and entertainment : the Hollywood Sign ( fifty ) symbolizes the Los Angeles entertainment diligence, while San Francisco ‘s Sutro Tower ( radius ) transmits numerous television and radio stations across the Bay Area Hollywood and the rest of the Los Angeles area is a major global concentrate for entertainment, with the U.S. movie industry ‘s “ Big Five ” major film studios ( Columbia, Disney, Paramount, Universal, and Warner Bros. ) being based in or around the area. The four major american television circulate networks ( ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC ) all have production facilities and offices in the state. All four, plus the two major Spanish-language networks ( Telemundo and Univision ) each have at least two owned-and-operated television stations in California, one in Los Angeles and one in the San Francisco Bay Area. The San Francisco Bay Area is home to several outstanding internet media and social media companies, including three of the “ big Five ” technology companies ( Apple, Facebook, and Google ) a well as early services such as Netflix, Pandora Radio, Twitter, Yahoo !, and YouTube. One of the oldest radio stations in the United States still in universe, KCBS ( AM ) in the Bay Area, was founded in 1909. Universal Music Group, one of the “ Big Four “ record labels, is based in Santa Monica. California is besides the birthplace of respective external music genres, including the Bakersfield sound, Bay Area cream metallic, g-funk, nu metallic, stoner rock ‘n’ roll, surfboard music, West Coast pelvis hop, and West Coast sleep together .

religion

The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a share of California ‘s population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percentage, evangelical Protestants with 20 percentage, and Mainline Protestants with 10 percentage. together, all kinds of Protestants accounted for 32 percentage. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 27 percentage of the population. The breakdown of early religions is 1 % Muslim, 2 % Hindu and 2 % Buddhist. [ 198 ] This is a change from 2008, when the population identified their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percentage ; evangelical Protestants with 18 percentage ; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percentage. In 2008, those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percentage of the population. The breakdown of other religions in 2008 was 0.5 % Muslim, 1 % Hindu and 2 % Buddhist. [ 199 ] The American Jewish Year Book placed the sum jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006. [ 200 ] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 10,233,334 ; The Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints with 763,818 ; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953. [ 201 ] The beginning priests to come to California were catholic missionaries from Spain. Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast, ampere well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Catholic population due to the big numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the erstwhile being the largest archdiocese in the United States. A Pew Research Center review revealed that California is slightly less religious than the rest of the states : 62 percentage of Californians say they are “ absolutely certain ” of their impression in God, while in the nation 71 percentage say thus. The review besides revealed 48 percentage of Californians say religion is “ very important ”, compared to 56 percentage nationally. [ 202 ]

Sports

California has nineteen major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other submit. The San Francisco Bay Area has six major league teams spread in its three major cities : San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland, while the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises. San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego ‘s Qualcomm Stadium. A twelfth, Super Bowl 50, was held at Levi ‘s Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7, 2016. [ 203 ] California has retentive had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others. California is the only U.S. country to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 1932 and 1984 summer games were held in Los Angeles. Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics, marking the fourth meter that California will have hosted the Olympic Games. [ 204 ] Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose Bowl hosting eight matches ( including the final ), while Stanford Stadium hosted six matches .

education

Public junior-grade education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages, and big arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. California ‘s public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual fund tied for grades K–12 and community colleges that grows with the economy and scholar registration figures. [ 205 ] In 2016, California ‘s K–12 public school per-pupil outgo was ranked 22nd in the state ( $ 11,500 per student vs. $ 11,800 for the U.S. average ). [ 206 ] For 2012, California ‘s K–12 public schools ranked 48th in the number of employees per scholar, at 0.102 ( the U.S. average was 0.137 ), while paying the 7th most per employee, $ 49,000 ( the U.S. average was $ 39,000 ). [ 207 ] [ 208 ] [ 209 ] A 2007 learn concluded that California ‘s public school system was “ break ” in that it suffered from overregulation. [ 210 ]
California public postsecondary education is organized into three disjoined systems :

• The state’s public research university system is the University of California (UC). As of fall 2011, the University of California had a combined student body of 234,464 students.[212] There are ten UC campuses. Nine are general campuses offering both undergraduate and graduate programs which culminate in the award of bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, and doctorates. There is one specialized campus, UC San Francisco, which is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health care, and is home to the UCSF Medical Center, the highest ranked hospital in California.[213] The system was originally intended to accept the top one-eighth of California high school students, but several of the campuses have become even more selective.[214][215][216] The UC system historically held exclusive authority to award the doctorate, but this has since changed and CSU now has limited statutory authorization to award a handful of types of doctoral degrees independently of UC.
• The California State University (CSU) system has almost 430,000 students. The CSU (which takes the definite article in its abbreviated form, while UC does not) was originally intended to accept the top one-third of California high school students, but several of the campuses have become much more selective.[216][217] The CSU was originally authorized to award only bachelor’s and master’s degrees, and could award the doctorate only as part of joint programs with UC or private universities. Since then, CSU has been granted the authority to independently award several doctoral degrees (in specific academic fields that do not intrude upon UC’s traditional jurisdiction).
• The California Community Colleges system provides lower-division coursework culminating in the associate degree, as well as basic skills and workforce training culminating in various kinds of certificates. It is the largest network of higher education in the U.S., composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6million.

California is besides home to such celebrated private universities as Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, and the Claremont Colleges. California has hundreds of early secret colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions .

Twinned regions

California has twinning arrangements with the region of Catalonia in Spain [ 218 ] and with the Province of Alberta in Canada. [ 219 ] [ 220 ]

economy

A tree map depicting the distribution of occupations across California California ‘s economy ranks among the largest in the world. As of 2019, the gross state intersection ( GSP ) was $ 3.2 trillion ( $ 80,600 per caput ), the largest in the United States. [ 221 ] California is creditworthy for one seventh of the nation ‘s crude domestic product ( GDP ). [ 222 ] As of 2018, California ‘s nominal GDP is larger than all but four countries ( the United States, China, Japan, and Germany ). [ 223 ] [ 224 ] In terms of Purchasing power parity ( PPP ), [ 225 ] it is larger than all but eight countries ( the United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil and Indonesia ). [ 226 ] California ‘s economy is larger than Africa and Australia and is about deoxyadenosine monophosphate large as South America. [ 227 ] The state recorded total, non-farm employment of 16,677,800 [ 228 ] as of September 2021 among 966,224 employer establishments [ 229 ] ( as of 2019 ). The five largest sectors of use in California are trade, exile, and utilities ; politics ; professional and business services ; education and health services ; and leisure and cordial reception. In output, the five largest sectors are fiscal services, followed by deal, fare, and utilities ; education and health services ; government ; and manufacture. [ 230 ] California has an unemployment rate of 7.3 % as of October 2021. [ 228 ] California ‘s economy is dependent on trade and external related department of commerce accounts for about one-fourth of the state ‘s economy. In 2008, California exported $ 144 billion worth of goods, up from $ 134 billion in 2007 and $ 127 billion in 2006. [ 231 ] Computers and electronic products are California ‘s top export, accounting for 42 percentage of all the submit ‘s exports in 2008. [ 231 ]
farming is an important sector in California ‘s economy. Farming-related sales more than quadrupled over the by three decades, from $ 7.3 billion in 1974 to about $ 31 billion in 2004. [ 232 ] This increase has occurred despite a 15 percentage decay in acreage devoted to farming during the time period, and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technical improvements in crop production. [ 232 ] In 2008, California ‘s 81,500 farms and ranches generated $ 36.2 billion products gross. [ 233 ] In 2011, that number grew to $ 43.5 billion products tax income. [ 234 ] The Agriculture sector accounts for two percentage of the state of matter ‘s GDP and employs around three percentage of its sum work force. [ 235 ] According to the USDA in 2011, the three largest California agrarian products by value were milk and cream, shelled almonds, and grapes. [ 236 ]
Per caput GDP in 2007 was $ 38,956, ranking eleventh in the nation. [ 237 ] Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. The Central Valley is the most deprive, with migrant grow workers making less than minimum wage. According to a 2005 composition by the Congressional Research Service, the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically gloomy regions in the United States, on par with the region of Appalachia. [ 238 ] Using the supplementary poverty quantify, California has a poverty rate of 23.5 %, the highest of any state in the state. [ 239 ] however, using the official standard the poverty rate was entirely 13.3 % as of 2017. [ 240 ] Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the United States. The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specifically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot-com burst. In 2019, there were 1,042,027 millionaire households in the submit, more than any early country in the nation. [ 241 ] In 2010, California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average recognition score of 754. [ 242 ]

• California GDP by sector in 2017 [ 243 ]
• Had California been an independent state in 2018 its gross domestic merchandise ( Nominal ) would have been ranked fifth in the world. [ 244 ]

state finances

country spending increased from $ 56 billion in 1998 to $ 127 billion in 2011. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] California, with 12 % of the United States population, has one-third of the nation ‘s benefit recipients. [ 247 ] California has the one-third highest per caput spend on wellbeing among the states, a good as the highest spend on social welfare at $ 6.67 billion. [ 248 ] In January 2011, California ‘s sum debt was at least $ 265 billion. [ 249 ] On June 27, 2013, Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget ( no deficit ) for the state, its first in decades ; however the express ‘s debt remains at $ 132 billion. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] With the passing of Proposition 30 in 2012 and Proposition 55 in 2016, California now levies a 13.3 % maximum borderline income tax rate with ten tax brackets, ranging from 1 % at the bottom tax bracket of $ 0 annual individual income to 13.3 % for annual individual income over $ 1,000,000 ( though the top brackets are merely irregular until Proposition 55 expires at the end of 2030 ). While proposition 30 besides enacted a minimum submit sales tax of 7.5 %, this sales tax increase was not extended by Proposition 55 and reverted to a previous minimal state sales tax pace of 7.25 % in 2017. local governments can and do levy extra sales taxes in summation to this minimum rate. [ 252 ] All real number property is taxable annually ; the ad valorem tax is based on the property ‘s fair market value at the time of leverage or the value of fresh construction. Property tax increases are capped at 2 % per annum or the pace of inflation ( whichever is lower ), per Proposition 13 .

infrastructure

Energy

Because it is the most populous express in the United States, California is one of the country ‘s largest users of energy. however, because of its high energy rates, conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centers and potent environmental motion, its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any state in the United States. [ 253 ] due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state of matter, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest ( via Path 15 and Path 66 ) and coal- and natural gas-fired product from the desert Southwest via Path 46. [ 254 ] As a result of the state ‘s potent environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a one-third of its electricity from renewables by 2020. [ 255 ] Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems adeptness are located in the Mojave Desert. California ‘s wind farms include Altamont Pass, San Gorgonio Pass, and Tehachapi Pass. The Tehachapi sphere is besides where the Tehachapi Energy Storage Project is located. [ 256 ] respective dams across the country provide hydro-electric power. It would be possible to convert the entire add to 100 % renewable energy, including heat, cooling and mobility, by 2050. [ 257 ] The state ‘s petroleum vegetable oil and natural gasoline deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the slide, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired might plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation. California is besides home to two major nuclear baron plants : Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, the latter having been shut down in 2013. More than 1,700 tons of radioactive godforsaken are stored at San Onofre, [ 258 ] which sits in an area where there is a record of past tsunami. [ 259 ] Voters banned the blessing of raw nuclear baron plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal. [ 260 ] [ note 6 ] In summation, several cities such as Oakland, Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear-free zones .

transportation system

California ‘s huge terrain is connected by an extensive organization of controlled-access highways ( ‘freeways ‘ ), limited-access roads ( ‘expressways ‘ ), and highways. California is known for its cable car culture, giving California ‘s cities a reputation for austere traffic congestion. construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation plan are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation, nicknamed “ Caltrans ”. The quickly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] The Reason Foundation ‘s 19th annual Report on the performance of State Highway Systems ranked California ‘s highways the third-worst of any department of state, with Alaska second, and Rhode Island beginning. [ 264 ] The state has been a pioneer in road construction. One of the department of state ‘s more visible landmarks, the Golden Gate Bridge, was the longest suspension bridge main couple in the earth at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) between 1937 ( when it opened ) and 1964. With its orange paint and bird’s-eye views of the bay, this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and besides accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists. The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge ( much abbreviated the “ Bay Bridge ” ), completed in 1936, transports about 280,000 vehicles per day on two-decks. Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the worldly concern ‘s largest diameter transportation bore tunnel, at 76 feet ( 23 meter ) broad by 58 feet ( 18 m ) high. [ 265 ] The Arroyo Seco Parkway, connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena, opened in 1940 as the first expressway in the Western United States. [ 266 ] It was late extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, regarded as the first stack counterchange ever built. [ 267 ] Los Angeles International Airport ( LAX ), the 4th busiest airport in the world in 2018, and San Francisco International Airport ( SFO ), the 25th busiest airport in the world in 2018, are major hubs for trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. There are about a twelve important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state. California besides has respective authoritative seaports. The giant star seaport building complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the nation and responsible for handling about a one-fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port of Oakland, one-fourth largest in the nation, besides handles deal entering from the Pacific Rim to the pillow of the country. The Port of Stockton is the farthest inland larboard on the west coast of the United States. [ 268 ]
Map of California showing the primary roadways The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide patrol agency in the United States in employment with more than 10,000 employees. They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service to anyone on California ‘s state-maintained highways and on country property. The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver ‘s licenses and ID cards on charge. [ 269 ] In 2010, there were 1.17 million raw vehicle registrations in force out. [ 270 ] Inter-city track locomotion is provided by Amtrak California ; the three routes, the Capitol Corridor, Pacific Surfliner, and San Joaquin, are funded by Caltrans. These services are the busiest intercity track lines in the United States outside the Northeast Corridor and ridership is continuing to set records. The routes are becoming increasingly popular over flying, specially on the LAX-SFO road. [ 271 ] Integrated metro and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles ( Metro Rail ) and San Francisco ( MUNI Metro ). unaccented rail systems are besides found in San Jose ( VTA ), San Diego ( San Diego Trolley ), Sacramento ( RT Light Rail ), and Northern San Diego County ( Sprinter ). Furthermore, commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area ( ACE, BART, Caltrain, SMART ), Greater Los Angeles ( Metrolink ), and San Diego County ( Coaster ). The California High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the express to implement an extensive 800-mile ( 1,300 kilometer ) rail organization. construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election, [ 272 ] with the first phase of construction estimated to cost $ 64.2 billion. [ 273 ] closely all counties operate busbar lines, and many cities operate their own city bus lines a well. Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound, Megabus, and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach .

body of water

California ‘s interconnect water arrangement is the populace ‘s largest, cope over 40,000,000 acre-foot ( 49 km3 ) of water per year, centered on six independent systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects. [ 274 ] Water habit and conservation in California is a politically dissentious issue, as the state of matter experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, specially in the arid southerly parcel of the state of matter. The country ‘s far-flung redistribution of urine besides invites the frequent contempt of environmentalists. The California Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights, is one of the most long-familiar examples of the clamber to secure adequate water supplies. [ 275 ] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said : “ We ‘ve been in crisis for quite some time because we ‘re now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the recently 60s. So it developed into a struggle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the concluding four decades about water system. ” [ 276 ]

Government and politics

California budget 2022-2023

state politics

Democrats Jerry Brown and Eric Garcetti. Brown served twice as Governor of California and Garcetti is presently serving as Mayor of Los Angeles. The capital of California is located within Sacramento. [ 277 ] The state of matter is organized into three branches of government —the administrator arm consisting of the governor [ 278 ] and the other independently elected built-in officers ; the legislative outgrowth consisting of the Assembly and Senate ; [ 279 ] and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. [ 280 ] The country besides allows ballot propositions : direct engagement of the electorate by first step, referendum, recall, and ratification. [ 281 ] Before the passing of California Proposition 14 ( 2010 ), California allowed each political party to choose whether to have a shut primary coil or a primary where only party members and independents vote. After June 8, 2010, when proposition 14 was approved, excepting alone the United States president and county central committee offices, [ 282 ] all candidates in the primary elections are listed on the vote with their choose party affiliation, but they are not the official campaigner of that party. [ 283 ] At the primary coil election, the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election careless of party affiliation. [ 283 ] If at a limited chief election, one candidate receives more than 50 % of all the votes cast, they are elected to fill the vacancy and no extra general election will be held. [ 283 ]

Executive ramify

The California executive arm consists of the governor and seven other elected constitutional officers : lieutenant governor, lawyer general, secretary of state, state accountant, department of state treasurer, indemnity commissioner, and state overseer of populace education. They serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. [ 284 ]

legislative branch

The California State Legislature consists of a 40-member Senate and 80-member Assembly. Senators serve four-year terms and Assembly members two. Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of six terms, and members of the Senate are subject to condition limits of three terms .

Judicial branch

California ‘s legal system is explicitly based upon English coarse law [ 285 ] ( as is the case with all early states except Louisiana ) but carries a few features from spanish civil law, such as community place. California ‘s prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007. [ 286 ] Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest “ Death Row “ population in the state ( though Oklahoma and Texas are far more active in carrying out executions ). [ 287 ] [ 288 ] California ‘s judiciary organization is the largest in the United States with a full of 1,600 judges ( the federal system has only about 840 ). At the vertex is the seven-member Supreme Court of California, while the California Courts of Appeal serve as the elementary appellate courts and the California Superior Courts serve as the elementary trial courts. Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the governor, but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years. The administration of the express ‘s court system is controlled by the Judicial Council, composed of the headman judge of the California Supreme Court, 14 judicial officers, four representatives from the State Bar of California, and one member from each house of the country legislature .

local politics

Counties

California is divided into 58 counties. Per Article 11, section 1, of the Constitution of California, they are the legal subdivisions of the state. The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement, jails, elections and voter registration, vital records, property judgment and records, tax collection, public health, health concern, social services, libraries, flood operate, fire protective covering, animal command, agrarian regulations, building inspections, ambulance services, and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] In addition, the county serves as the local politics for all unincorporated areas. Each county is governed by an elected board of supervisors .

City and town governments

Incorporated cities and towns in California are either charter or general-law municipalities. [ 156 ] General-law municipalities owe their being to state law and are consequently governed by it ; rent municipalities are governed by their own city or town charters. Municipalities incorporated in the nineteenth century tend to be rent municipalities. All ten of the state ‘s most populous cities are charter cities. Most small cities have a council–manager form of government, where the elected city council appoints a city coach to supervise the operations of the city. Some larger cities have a directly elected mayor who oversees the city government. In many council-manager cities, the city council selects one of its members as a mayor, sometimes rotating through the council membership—but this type of mayoral place is chiefly ceremonial. The government of San Francisco is the alone consolidate city-county in California, where both the city and county governments have been merged into one unify jurisdiction .

School districts and especial districts

About 1,102 school districts, mugwump of cities and counties, handle California ‘s populace education. [ 292 ] California school districts may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unite school districts combining elementary and high educate grades, or community college districts. [ 292 ] There are about 3,400 extra districts in California. [ 293 ] A extra zone, defined by California Government Code § 16271 ( five hundred ) as “ any representation of the express for the local anesthetic performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries ”, provides a circumscribed range of services within a defined geographic area. The geographic sphere of a special district can spread across multiple cities or counties, or could consist of only a part of one. Most of California ‘s extra districts are single-purpose districts, and provide one service .

federal representation

The state of California sends 53 members to the House of Representatives, [ 294 ] the nation ‘s largest congressional express delegating. consequently, California besides has the largest numeral of electoral votes in home presidential elections, with 55. The stream loudspeaker of the House of Representatives is the representative of California ‘s 12th zone, Nancy Pelosi ; [ 295 ] Kevin McCarthy, representing the state ‘s 23rd zone, is the House Minority Leader. [ 295 ] California is represented by U.S. senators Dianne Feinstein, a native and former mayor of San Francisco, and Alex Padilla, a native and erstwhile repository of state of California. Former U.S. senator Kamala Harris, a native, former district lawyer from San Francisco, former lawyer cosmopolitan of California, resigned on January 18, 2021, to assume her character as the current Vice President of the United States. In the 1992 U.S. Senate election, California became the first department of state to elect a Senate delegating entirely composed of women, due to the victories of Feinstein and Barbara Boxer. [ 296 ] Set to follow the Vice President-Elect, Gov. Newsom appointed Secretary of State Alex Padilla to finish the rest of Harris ‘s term which ends in 2022, Padilla has vowed to run for the wax term in that election cycle. Padilla was sworn in on January 20, 2021, the same day as the Inauguration of President-Elect Joe Biden a well as Harris. [ 297 ] [ 298 ]

Armed forces

In California, as of 2009, the U.S. Department of Defense had a full of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines, 18,339 were Airmen, and 11,097 were Soldiers, with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees. additionally, there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California. [ 299 ] In 2010, Los Angeles County was the largest lineage of military recruits in the United States by county, with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military. [ 300 ] however, as of 2002, Californians were relatively under-represented in the military as a proportion to its population. [ 301 ] In 2000, California, had 2,569,340 veterans of United States military service : 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 ( including the persian Gulf War ). [ 302 ] As of 2010, there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California, of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict, and fair over four thousand served before World War II ( the largest population of this group of any state of matter ). [ 303 ] California ‘s military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard, the naval and state military reserve ( militia ), and the California Cadet Corps. On August 5, 1950, a nuclear-capable United States Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber carrying a nuclear bomb calorimeter crashed shortly after parody from Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base. Brigadier General Robert F. Travis, instruction pilot burner of the bomber, was among the dead. [ 304 ]

ideology

California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the state, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter. [ 306 ] In socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more big than other Americans, specially those who live in the inland states. In the 2016 United States presidential election, California had the third base highest percentage of democratic votes behind the District of Columbia and Hawaii. [ 307 ] In the 2020 United States presidential election, it had the 6th highest behind the District of Columbia, Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Hawaii. According to the Cook Political Report, California contains five of the 15 most democratic congressional districts in the United States. Among the political idiosyncrasies, California was the moment state to recall their submit governor, the second country to legalize miscarriage, and the alone country to ban marriage for gay couples doubly by vote ( including Proposition 8 in 2008 ). Voters besides passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund root cell research, making California the irregular state to legalize stem turn cell research after New Jersey, and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state ‘s elementary election work. California has besides experienced disputes over water rights ; and a tax disgust, culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, limiting department of state property taxes. California voters have rejected affirmative carry through on multiple occasions, most recently in November 2020. The express ‘s drift towards the Democratic Party and aside from the Republican Party can be seen in country elections. From 1899 to 1939, California had republican governors. Since 1990, California has broadly elected democratic candidates to federal, state and local anesthetic offices, including current Governor Gavin Newsom ; however, the state of matter has elected Republican Governors, though many of its republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party. respective political movements have advocated for californian independence. The California National Party and the California Freedom Coalition both advocate for californian independence along the lines of progressivism and civic nationalism. [ 308 ] The Yes California movement attempted to organize an independence referendum via vote enterprise for 2019, which was then postponed. [ 309 ] The Democrats besides now hold a supermajority in both houses of the state of matter legislature. There are 60 Democrats and 20 Republicans in the Assembly ; and 29 Democrats and 11 Republicans in the Senate. The tendency towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections. From 1952 through 1988, California was a republican tilt submit, with the party carrying the submit ‘s electoral votes in nine of ten elections, with 1964 as the exception. Southern California Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan were both elected doubly as the 37th and 40th U.S. Presidents, respectively. however, Democrats have won all of California ‘s electoral votes for the last eight elections, starting in 1992. In the United States House, the Democrats held a 34–19 edge in the CA delegating of the hundred-and-tenth United States Congress in 2007. As the leave of gerrymander, the districts in California were normally dominated by one or the early party, and few districts were considered competitive. In 2008, Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14-member independent citizen perpetration to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress. After the 2012 elections, when the new arrangement took effect, Democrats gained four seats and held a 38–15 majority in the deputation. Following the 2018 midterm examination House elections, Democrats won 46 out of 53 congressional family seats in California, leaving Republicans with seven. In general, democratic force is centered in the populous coastal regions of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the San Francisco Bay Area. republican lastingness is inactive greatest in eastern parts of the state. Orange County had remained largely republican until the 2016 and 2018 elections, in which a majority of the county ‘s votes were cast for democratic candidates. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] One study ranked Berkeley, Oakland, Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal american cities ; and Bakersfield, Orange, Escondido, Garden Grove, and Simi Valley in the clear 20 most conservative cities. [ 312 ] In February 2021, out of the 25,166,581 people eligible to vote, 22,154,304 people were registered to vote. [ 313 ] Of the people registered, the three largest registered groups were Democrats ( 10,228,144 ), Republicans ( 5,347,377 ), and No Party Preference ( 5,258,223 ). [ 313 ] Los Angeles County had the largest count of registered Democrats ( 3,043,535 ) and Republicans ( 995,112 ) of any county in the state. [ 313 ] In a 2020 study, California was ranked as the tenth easy state for citizens to vote in. [ 314 ]

See besides

Notes

1. ^[48][49] Since 1565, spanish galleons had been visiting Manila in the Philippines to make craft .
2. ^[154] The coordinates of the center of population are at .
3. ^ Behind Nevada and Arizona .
4. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between entire and partial derivative lineage
5. ^ The comply are a list of the autochthonal languages : Root languages of California : athapaskan Family : Hupa, Mattole, Lassik, Wailaki, Sinkyone, Cahto, Tolowa, Nongatl, Wiyot, Chilula ; Hokan Family : pomo, Shasta, Karok, Chimiriko ; algonquian Family : Whilkut, Yurok ; Yukian Family : Wappo ; penutian Family : Modok, Wintu, Nomlaki, Konkow, Maidu, Patwin, Nisenan, Miwok, Coast Miwok, Lake Miwok, Ohlone, Northern Valley Yokuts, Southern Valley Yokuts, Foothill Yokuts ; Hokan Family : Esselen, Salinan, Chumash, Ipai, Tipai, Yuma, Halchichoma, Mohave ; uto-aztecan Family : Mono Paiute, Monache, Owens Valley Paiute, Tubatulabal, Panamint Shoshone, Kawaisu, Kitanemuk, Tataviam, Gabrielino, Juaneno, Luiseno, Cuipeno, Cahuilla, Serrano, Chemehuevi
6. ^[261] Minnesota besides has a moratorium on construction of nuclear baron plants, which has been in home since 1994 .

References

Citations

Works cited

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