U.S. Customs and Border Protection – Wikipedia

United States Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) is the largest federal jurisprudence enforcement means of the United States Department of Homeland Security, and is the state ‘s primary boundary line manipulate administration. It is charged with regulation and facilitating international trade, collecting meaning duties, and enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs, and immigration. CBP is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the United States. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It has a work force of more than 45,600 swear federal agents and officers. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. [ 4 ]

arrangement [edit ]

CBP has a work force of over 58,000 employees, including officers and agents, farming specialists, aircraft pilots, trade wind specialists, mission corroborate staff, and canine enforcement officers and agents.

• More than 21,180 CBP Officers inspect and examine passengers and cargo at 328 ports of entry.[5]
• Over 2,200 CBP Agriculture Specialists work to curtail the spread of harmful pests and plant and animal diseases that may harm America’s farms and food supply or cause bio- and agro-terrorism.
• Over 21,370 Border Patrol Agents protect and patrol 1,900 miles (3,100 km) of border with Mexico and 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of border with Canada.
• Nearly 1,050 Air and Marine Interdiction Agents prevent people, weapons, narcotics, and conveyances from illegal entry by air and water.
• Nearly 2,500 employees in CBP revenue positions collect over $30 billion annually in entry duties and taxes through the enforcement of trade and tariff laws. In addition, these employees fulfill the agency’s trade mission by appraising and classifying imported merchandise. These employees serve in positions such as import specialist, auditor, international trade specialist, and textile analyst.
• The primary goal of the CBP Canine Program is terrorist detection and apprehension. The CBP Canine Program is critical to the mission of the Department of Homeland Security: “To Protect the Homeland.” The program conducts the largest number of working dogs of any U.S. federal law enforcement agency. K-9 teams are assigned to 73 commercial ports and 74 Border Patrol stations throughout the nation.[6][7]

There are 328 [ 8 ] officially designated ports of entry and an extra 14 pre-clearance locations [ 9 ] in Canada, Ireland, the Middle East, Bermuda, and the Caribbean. CBP is besides in charge of the Container Security Initiative, which identifies and inspects extraneous cargo in its mother nation before it is to be imported into the United States. In accession the CBP claims to have legal legal power to conduct some activities up to 100 miles ( 160 kilometer ) inwards from any land or ocean molding. This can include operating department of the interior checkpoints. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] CBP ass all passengers flying into the U.S. for terrorist risk via the Joint Terrorism Task Force ( JTTF ) and systems such as Advance Passenger Information System ( APIS ), United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indication Technology ( US-VISIT ), and the Student and Exchange Visitor System ( SEVIS ). CBP besides works with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to screen bad imported food shipments in orderliness to prevent bio-terrorism and agro-terrorism. Through the Container Security Initiative, CBP works jointly with host nation counterparts to identify and screen containers that pose a gamble at the extraneous port of deviation before they are loaded on board vessels bound for the U.S. CSI is implemented in 20 of the largest ports in terms of container shipments to the U.S., and at a sum of 58 ports cosmopolitan. The Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection ( SENTRI ) program allows pre-screened, low-risk travelers from Mexico to be processed through dedicated lanes. NEXUS is a exchangeable broadcast on the country ‘s northerly edge with Canada. Along both borders, CBP has implemented the Free and Secure Trade, which uses transponder technology and pre-arrival dispatch information to serve participating trucks as they arrive at the surround. An agreement with Canada allows CBP to target, screen, and examine rail shipments headed to the U.S. CBP is authorized to provide aerial surveillance outside of the frame area “ to assist police enforcement and human-centered relief efforts ” when requested by local, tribal, country or federal agencies. CBP drones have been used to capture images of storm-impacted areas for the National Weather Service ; assess hurricane affected areas for FEMA ; and provide surveillance for local law enforcement during the 2015 Baltimore protests and 2020 George Floyd protests. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]

structure [edit ]

• Commissioner[14]
  • Deputy Commissioner
    • Air and Marine Operations
    • Office of Field Operations
    • Office of Border Patrol
    • Office of Trade
    • Enterprise Services Office
      • Office of Acquisition
      • Office of Finance
      • Office of Human Resources Management
      • Office of Training and Development
      • Office of Information and Technology
    • Operations Support Office
      • Office of Intelligence
      • Office of International Affairs
    • Office of Chief Counsel
    • Office of Congressional Affairs
    • Office of Intergovernmental Public Liaison
    • Office of Privacy and Diversity
    • Office of Professional Responsibility
    • Office of Public Affairs
    • Office of Trade Relations[15]

list of Commissioners of U.S. Customs and Border Protection [edit ]

enforcement powers [edit ]

CBP has the authority to search outbound and inbound shipments, and uses targeting to carry out its mission in this area. Under section 596 of the Tariff Act, CBP is required to seize and forfeit all trade that is stolen, smuggled, or clandestinely imported or introduced. [ 16 ] CBP is besides required to seize and forfeit manipulate substances, certain contraband articles, and credit card explosives that do not contain a detection agent. In conjunction with the Department of State and the Bureau of the Census, CBP has put in home regulations that require submission of electronic export information on U.S. Munitions List and for technology for the Commerce Control List. CBP uses advance information from the Automated Targeting System and the Automated Export System to identify cargo that may pose a menace. CBP besides works with the Departments of State and Defense to improve procedures on export shipments of alien military sales commodities. trade may besides be seized and forfeited if :

• Its importation is restricted or prohibited because of a law relating to health, safety or conservation;
• The merchandise is lacking a federal license required for the importation;
• The merchandise or packaging is in violation of copyright, trademark, trade name, or trade dress protections;
• The merchandise is intentionally or repetitively marked in violation of country of origin marking requirements; or
• The imported merchandise is subject to quantitative restrictions requiring a visa or similar document from a foreign government, and the document presented with the entry is counterfeit.

Civil penalties [edit ]

segment 1592 of the Tariff Act of 1930 is the basic and most widely used customs penalty planning for the import of goods. It prescribes monetary penalties against any person who imports, attempts to import, or aids or procures the import of trade by means of false or deceitful documents, statements, omissions or practices, concerning any material fact. Penalties may be applied even in situations where there is no personnel casualty of gross. section 1592 infractions are divided into three categories of blameworthiness, each giving rise to a unlike maximal punishment :

• Fraud, an act or omission done intentionally to defraud the United States. The maximum civil penalty for a violation is the domestic value of the merchandise in the entry or entries concerned.
• Gross negligence, an act or omission with actual knowledge of, or wanton disregard for, the relevant facts and a disregard of section 1592 obligations. The maximum civil penalty is the lesser of the domestic value of the merchandise or four times the loss of revenue (actual or potential). If the infraction does not affect revenue, the maximum penalty is 40% of the dutiable value of the good.
• Negligence, involving a failure to exercise due care in ascertaining the material facts or in ascertaining the obligations under section 1592. The maximum civil penalties are the same for gross negligence, except the lesser of twice the domestic value of the merchandise or twice the loss of revenue is used. The penalty cannot exceed 20% of the dutiable value.

The Customs Modernization Act amended section 1592 to apply existing penalties for false data to information transmitted electronically and allows Customs to recover unpaid taxes and fees resulting from 592 violations. It besides introduced the requirement that importers use “ reasonable care ” in making introduction and providing the initial classification and appraisement, establishing a “ share responsibility ” between Customs and importers, frankincense allowing Customs to rely on the accuracy of the information submitted and streamline entry procedures. To the extent that an importer fails to use fair caution, Customs may impose a punishment. US Customs Agriculture Specialist Officers are allowed to issue civil penalties in accordance with CFR 7 & 9 .

criminal penalties [edit ]

In addition to the civil penalties, a criminal fraud legislative act provides for sanctions to those presenting faithlessly information to customs officers, with violators facing a maximal of 2 years captivity, or a $ 5,000 fine, or both, for each misdemeanor involving an importing or attempted import. [ 17 ]

history [edit ]

U.S. Customs Service [edit ]

Responding to an pressing need for gross following the american english Revolutionary War, the First United States Congress passed, and President George Washington signed on July 4, the tariff of 1789, which authorized the collection of duties on imports. Four weeks late, on July 31, the fifth act of Congress established the United States Customs Service and its ports of entrance. For closely 125 years, the U.S. Customs Service was the primary source of governmental funds, which paid for the nation ‘s early growth and infrastructure. [ 18 ] Purchases include the Louisiana and Oregon territories ; Florida, Alaska, and Washington, D.C. ; funding the National Road and the Transcontinental Railroad ; building many of the United States ‘ lighthouses ; and the U.S. Military and Naval academies. In March 2003, the Customs Service was renamed the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, and its structure separate to form parts of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection and the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Division .

U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) [edit ]

shortly after the American Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in Chy Lung v. Freeman in 1875 that immigration was a union responsibility. [ 19 ] The Immigration Act of 1891 established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the United States Department of the Treasury. This office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy. [ 20 ] “ immigrant inspectors ”, as they were then called, were stationed at major U.S. ports of introduction collecting manifests of arriving passengers. A “ fountainhead tax ” of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant. [ 21 ] In the early on twentieth hundred, Congress ‘s primary interest in immigration was protecting american workers and wages – the reason it had become a federal concern in the beginning locate. This made immigration more a matter of department of commerce than tax income ; hence, in 1903, Congress transferred the Bureau of Immigration to the newly created Department of Commerce and Labor. [ 22 ] After World War I, Congress attempted to stem the flow of immigrants, still chiefly coming from Europe, by passing laws in 1921 and 1924 limiting the number of newcomers by assigning a quota to each nationality based upon its representation in previous U.S. census figures. Each class, the U.S. State Department issued a limited phone number of visa ; only those immigrants who had obtained them and could present valid visa were permitted submission. President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Immigration and Naturalization Service from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice in 1940 .

reorganization ( 2003 to present ) [edit ]

U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officers ( CBPO ) armed with UMPs CBP became an official agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security on March 1, 2003, combining employees from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( specifically the Plant Protection Quarantine inspectors ), [ 23 ] the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service ( specifically, immigration inspectors and the United States Border Patrol ), and the United States Customs Service. This transformation was led by early Commissioner Robert C. Bonner. W. Ralph Basham was nominated to the station of Commissioner by President George W. Bush on June 6, 2006. [ 24 ] Basham had 28 years of experience as a law enforcement director, including serving as the head of the Secret Service and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. He had besides served as the chief of staff for the Transportation Security Administration. It is the largest federal law enforcement means and works close with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ), Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ), and Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ). In 2007, the U.S. Border Patrol joined two units, the Border Patrol Tactical Unit ( BORTAC ) and the Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue Unit ( BORSTAR ), to form the U.S. Border Patrol ‘s special Operations Group ( SOG ), [ 25 ] headquartered in El Paso, Texas. BORTAC and BORSTAR direct their nationally dispersed assets from the SOG, providing the U.S. Border Patrol with immediate tactical and hand brake reply assets. [ 26 ] On September 13, 2019, Director Troy Miller rang the conclusion bell at the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) in honor of 230 years since the beginnings of the CBP. [ 27 ]

Personnel [edit ]

CBP Officers ( CBPO ) [edit ]

CBP – Office of Field Operations Shoulder Patch CBPO ‘s boarding a embark. CBP officers [ 28 ] are federal law enforcement officers in the largest CBP Office of Field Operations empowered to exercise the authority and perform the duties provided by law and Department of Homeland Security regulations, including making arrests, conducting searches, making seizures, bearing firearms, and serving any ordering or warrant. CBP officers have full law enforcement powers on and off duty. CBP officers defend against terrorist invasion by identifying high hazard individuals who are attempting to enter into the United States ; stop criminal activities – such as drug traffic, child pornography ( including on computers, cellular telephone phones, and other electronic media ), weapons traffic, and money laundering – by inspecting vehicles and trucks ; and prevent the illegal submission of individuals, the smuggle of forbid goods, and other customs and immigration violations. Officers are armed with Glock G19 pistols chambered in 9mm, expandable batons, x26 Tasers and oleoresin capsicum capsicum spray. In accord with Public Law 110–161, CBP officers are covered under special police enforcement retirement, and all candidates must be referred for survival for this place before reaching their fortieth birthday. Officer candidates attend the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, in Glynco, Georgia for 17–19 weeks of give training. Candidate train consists of basic law enforcement skills, including Anti-Terrorism ; Detection of Contraband ; Interviewing ; cross-cultural Communications ; Firearms Handling and Qualification ; Immigration and Naturalization Laws ; U.S. Customs Export and Import laws, Defensive Tactics and Driving ; Crime Investigation Site ; Arrest Techniques ; Baton Techniques ; Examination of cargo, bags, and trade ; border search exception ; Entry and Control Procedures ; Passenger Processing ; and Officer Safety and Survival. Those candidates selected for duty locations requiring spanish may receive an extra 6 weeks of spanish Language train. After a few years of servicing, stipulate Officers may serve on CBP ‘s particular Response team after passing a pre-test and an extra five weeks of pay train at the U.S. Border Patrol Tactical Unit ( BORTAC ) in El Paso, Texas .
CBP Officers may begin their careers in any region for which they apply. The duty region is selected during the application phase. proficiency in spanish is a duty prerequisite only for those stationed along southern border regions, although it is not a prerequisite before being hired. CBP Officers stationed along southerly edge regions will undergo spanish speech train before coming on duty .
US and canadian customs agents The CBP Officer position is categorized as a “ critical-sensitive ” position in law enforcement. For this cause, policeman candidates must undergo a single setting background investigation ( SSBI ) before being appointed. In addition, officeholder candidates must undergo drug and checkup examination, polygraph interrogation, two physical fitness tests, a video recording based test, and structured interview during the pre-appointment phase. [ 29 ]

CBP Officer / CBP Agriculture Specialist ( OFO ) Rank and Insignia [edit ]

Title	Insignia	Pay grade
Executive Assistant Commissioner, Field Operations (EAC FO)		SES
Deputy Executive Assistant Commissioner, Field Operations (DEAC FO)		SES
Director, Field Operations (DFO) / Executive Director (XD) / Area Port Director – Large Port (APD LP)		SES
Area Port Director – Medium Port (APD MP) / Assistant Director, Field Operations (ADFO) / Assistant Port Director – Large Port (APD LP)		GS-15
Assistant Area Port Director – Medium Port (AAPD MP) / Watch Commander (WC) / Port Director (PD) / Program Manager (PM)		GS-14
Chief CBP Officer (CCBPO) / Agriculture Specialist (CCBPAS) / Program Manager (PM) / Port Director – Small Port (PD SM)		GS-13
Supervisory CBP Officer (SCBPO) / Agriculture Specialist (SCBPAS) / Program Manager (PM)		GS-13
CBP Officer Enforcement (CBPO(E)) / CBP Officer Intelligence (CBPO(I))		GS-12
CBP Officer (CBPO) / CBP Agriculture Specialist (CBPAS) (Journeyman)		GS-12
CBP Officer (CBPO) / CBP Agriculture Specialist (CBPAS)		GS-9, GS-11
CBP Officer (CBPO) / CBP Agriculture Specialist (CBPAS) / Academy Trainee		GS-5, GS-7

farming Specialists ( OFO ) [edit ]

department of agriculture Specialists inspecting flower imports CBP Agriculture Specialists [ 30 ] receive 11 weeks of nonrecreational train at the Professional Development Center in Frederick, Maryland deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as a post-academy coach phase that varies in length according to their assigned port. agribusiness Specialists are stationed at international ports of introduction located at airports, seaports, and state borders throughout the U.S. and along the Canadian and Mexican borders ; they are besides stationed oversea in versatile countries authorized by the United States to have the traveling populace and agrarian commodities pre-cleared before entering into the United States. They are uniform federal officers with the authority to conduct random inspections of baggage or items entering the area and the power to seize forbidden or contaminated items. agricultural Specialists issue civil fines, not to be confused with collecting duty or tax, to both international travelers and commercial entities in accord with the federal laws CFR 7 & 9 ; they do not however collect duty taxes. Although Agriculture Specialists make for and are sworn to uphold and enforce the laws governed under the jurisdiction of Customs and Border Protection, they are besides tasked with enforcing the laws governed by the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ). They serve as adept and technical consultants in the areas of inspection, intelligence, analysis, examination and law enforcement activities related to the importing of agrarian and commercial commodities and conveyances at the respective ports of introduction. department of agriculture Specialists apply a wide-eyed range of federal, submit and local laws and agency regulations, including those of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ), Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ), and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) when determining the admissibility of agricultural commodities, or commodities in general, while regulating and/or preventing the introduction of restricted or prohibited products, harmful pests, diseases and potential agro-terrorism into the United States. They participate in extra enforcement, targeting, and analysis teams charged with collecting and analyzing data and identifying bad targets ; or conducting ocular and physical inspections of cargo, conveyances or passenger baggage. The Agriculture Specialist plans, conducts, and supervises remedial actions such as cover, disinfecting and decontaminating forbid commodities, conveyances, contaminants or agrarian materials. [ 31 ] The Agriculture Specialist placement is categorized as a “ sensitive ” status in law enforcement and may be granted up to the “ Secret ” grade security headroom. Candidates must undergo a single scope background probe and a polygraph examination before being appointed. In addition, the candidates must undergo a video recording based interview american samoa well as a drug and medical interrogation during the pre-appointment phase .

import Specialists ( OFO ) [edit ]

tape used by U.S. Customs and Border Protection to reseal packages that they have searched, and to indicate that they have done so meaning Specialists interact with both importers and exporters and are responsible for decisions regarding merchandise, manufactured goods, and commodities. meaning Specialists work aboard CBP officers, Homeland Security Investigations particular agents and legal professionals in matters of international trade. [ 32 ] They are responsible for classifying and appraising commercially imported trade that enter the U.S. They determine which products may legally enter the country by enforcing laws protecting public health and safety, intellectual property rights and average deal practices. They detect incidents of smuggle, commercial fraud, and counterfeiting and participate in associate criminal investigations. import Specialists have the authority to issue penalties and fines, to recommend capture of prohibited or suspect cargo and to participate in negotiations and legal pursuance. occasionally, Import Specialists may be given short-run assignments oversea as part of a multi-agency team. Responsibilities could include investigating alien manufacture facilities for violations involving child tug, merchandise base hit or early areas of business to the U.S. Seven weeks of paid speciate train enable Import Specialists to develop an adept cognition of significance and export trends, commodities, industries, and international trade agreements. Import Specialists perform their deputation at more than 300 ports of entry located at airports, seaports and land borders throughout the United States and along the Canadian and Mexican borders .

United States Border Patrol ( USBP ) [edit ]

Border Patrol Agent reading the Miranda Rights to a distrust.

The U.S. Border Patrol Agent [ 33 ] ( as opposed to Officer ) is a union police enforcement agent actively patrolling a U.S. frame to prevent persons from entering or leaving the United States without government license. Agents detect and prevent the smuggle and unlawful entry of aliens into the United States, along with apprehending those people found to be in misdemeanor of immigration laws. Agents work to lower crime and improve the quality of life in border communities. In some areas, Agents are deputized or have peace-officer status and use it to enforce local anesthetic and state/territory laws. More than 20,000 Border Patrol Agents safeguard about 6,000 miles of bring border the United States shares with Canada and Mexico, and more than 2,000 miles of coastal waters .
Border Surveillance television captured by a UAS ( likely along the Mexican border ). One of the most crucial activities for a United States Border Patrol Agent is “ note watch ”. This involves the detection, prevention and understanding of terrorists, illegal aliens and smugglers of both aliens and bootleg at or near the domain molding by maintaining surveillance from a screen side, following up leads, responding to electronic detector systems, aircraft sightings, and interpreting and following tracks, marks and other physical evidence. Some of the major activities are farm and ranch see, traffic arrest, traffic notice, city patrol, exile check, administrative, intelligence, and anti-smuggling activities. All agents complete a 13-week paid “ basic Academy ” discipline at the U.S. Border Patrol Academy in Artesia, New Mexico. Training includes such topics as immigration and nationality laws, physical educate ( PT ), weapons and marksmanship. For those needing spanish language education, an extra 8 weeks may be required beyond the 65 days of Basic Academy train. Border Patrol Agents must be will to work overtime and varying shifts under arduous conditions, and be proficient in the transport and manipulation of firearms. They may besides be sent on impermanent assignments on shortstop notice, or on permanent wave reassignments to any duty location. All newfangled agents begin their careers along the Southwest surround, where a working cognition of spanish is required .

Border Patrol ( USBP ) ranks and insignia [edit ]

Border Patrol Agent badge Agriculture Specialist badge

Title	Collar insignia	Shoulder ornament	Pay grade
Border Patrol Headquarters
Chief of the Border Patrol		Gold-plated	Senior Executive Service (SES)
Deputy Chief of the Border Patrol		Gold-plated	SES
Division Chief		Gold-plated	SES
Deputy Division Chief		Gold-plated	GS-15, General Schedule
Associate Chief		Gold-plated	GS-15
Assistant Chief		Gold-plated	GS-14
Operations Officer (OPS Officer)		Gold-plated	GS-13
Border Patrol Sectors
Chief Patrol Agent (CPA)		Silver-plated	SES
Deputy Chief Patrol Agent (DCPA)		Silver-plated	SES
Division Chief/ACTT Director		Silver-plated	GS-15
Executive Officer/Assistant Chief Patrol Agent (ACPA)		Silver-plated	GS-15 or GS-14
Special Operations Supervisor (SOS)		Silver-plated	GS-13
Operations Officer (OPS Officer)		Silver-plated	GS-13
Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (SBPA)		Silver-plated	GS-13
Border Patrol Agent (Sector Programs)		No Insignia	GS-13
Border Patrol Stations
Patrol Agent in Charge (PAIC)		Oxidized	GS-15 or GS-14
Deputy Patrol Agent in Charge (DPAIC)		Oxidized	GS-14 or GS-13
Watch Commander (WC)		Oxidized	GS-14 or GS-13
Special Operations Supervisor (SOS)		Oxidized	GS-13
Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (SBPA)		Oxidized	GS-13
Border Patrol Agent (BPA)		No insignia	GL-5, 7, 9, GS-11, 12
Border Patrol Academy
Chief Patrol Agent (CPA)		Silver-plated	GS-15
Deputy Chief Patrol Agent (DCPA)		Silver-plated	GS-15
Assistant Chief Patrol Agent (ACPA)		Silver-plated	GS-14
Training Operations Supervisor (TOS)		Oxidized	GS-14
Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (Senior Instructor)		Oxidized	GS-13
Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (Instructor)		Oxidized	GS-13
Border Patrol Agent (Detailed Instructor)		Oxidized	GS-11, 12

Border Patrol Shoulder ornaments [edit ]

Air and Marine Enforcement and Interdiction Agents [edit ]

• Office of Air and Marine Operations (AMO)
  • Aviation Enforcement Agents (AEA)
    An Aviation Enforcement Agent serves as the primary federal law enforcement officer aboard AMO aircraft.[34][35]
  • Air Interdiction Agents (AIA)
    Air Interdiction Agents serve as the pilot in command of an AMO aircraft.[34][36]
  • Marine Interdiction Agents (MIA)
    Marine Interdiction Agents are either the vessel commander or a crew member aboard an AMO vessel.[34][37]

AMO is the populace ‘s largest civilian aviation and nautical law enforcement administration. Its mission is to protect the american people and state ‘s critical infrastructure through the coordinated habit of air and marine assets to detect, interdict and prevent acts of terrorism and the illegitimate bowel movement of people, illegal drugs, and other contraband toward or across the borders of the United States. Air and Marine Interdiction Agents are endowed with the agency to enforce Title 8 ( Aliens and Nationality ) and Title 19 ( Customs ) of the United States Code in summation to the general law enforcement powers bestowed upon union law enforcement agents. This specialized law enforcement capability allows AMO to make significant contributions to the efforts of the Department of Homeland Security, adenine well as to those of other federal, express, local, and tribal agencies. AMO is uniquely positioned to provide lineal publicize and maritime support to multiple agencies and to ensure the achiever of boundary line protection and law enforcement operations between ports of submission, within the nautical world and within the nation ‘s inside. To accomplish its mission, AMO employs over 1,200 federal Agents at 70 locations, operating more than 260 aircraft of 26 unlike types, and approximately 300 maritime vessels. It is one of the major operational components within U.S. Customs and Border Protection, along with the Office of Field Operations ( OFO ) and the United States Border Patrol ( USBP ). [ 38 ]

Employee morale [edit ]

A semblance defend composed of CBP officers and USBP agents at a Washington, D.C. ceremony in May, 2007. In July 2006, the Office of Personnel Management conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 union agencies on job satisfaction and how they felt their respective agency was headed. DHS ( which includes CBP ) was last or near to final in every category including

• 36th on the job satisfaction index
• 35th on the leadership and knowledge management index
• 36th on the results-oriented performance culture index
• 33rd on the talent management index

The moo scores were attributed to major concerns about basic supervision, management and leadership within DHS. Based on the survey, the chief concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on deservingness, dealing with poor operation, rewarding creativity and initiation, and the inability of leadership to generate high levels of motivation in the work force, recognition for doing a good job, miss of satisfaction with assorted component policies and procedures and lack of information about what is going on with the constitution and complaints from the traveling public. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In June 2007, CBP Commissioner W. Ralph Basham announced to employees that the agency would be conducting 125 different focus groups in 12 different cities around the nation to better understand their concerns as expressed in the Human Capital Survey. The agency is besides going to give employees who are not a part of that focus group process an intranet virtual focus group where they can express their views and their concerns. The commissioner stated : “ We are looking at this very badly. We want to hear from the employees, we want to hear from these focus groups, we want to drill down on this survey. ” In 2011, more than four years after this statement was made, these focus groups have never been reported to have been held, nor have any plans been reported for them to be held in the future. A November 2007 Government Accountability Office report showed that low staff, education, and overwork is a big problem within CBP, and an average of 71 officers leave the service every two weeks. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] CBP continued carrying out their deputation during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. As of June 17, 2020, 544 federal employees tested positive for COVID-19 and 5 have died as a leave of the virus. [ 43 ]

Polygraphing [edit ]

In 2011, the United States Congress mandated that applicants to CBP jobs undergo polygraph screen. The agency polygraph about 10,000 applicants per annum. From the starting signal of the polygraphing until August 16, 2013, over 200 confessions of error had been made. many of the applicants confessed that they had close associations with drug traffickers or that they were directly involved in smuggling of drugs and illegal immigrants. The agency accused ten-spot applicants of using countermeasures. As separate of the “ Operation Lie Busters ”, the name of the crackdown on polygraph countermeasures, all ten were not selected for employment. [ 44 ]

equipment [edit ]

aircraft [edit ]

A US Customs P-3 AEW on an anti-narcotic deputation A CBP UH-60 Blackhawk in escape

vessel [edit ]

Weapons [edit ]

CBP Officers primary sidearm since 2019 is the Glock 19 [ 46 ] ( Law Enforcement Modification ) pistol in 9mm bore. It can contain adenine many as 15 rounds of ammunition ( 15 in the magazine and one in the chamber ). Like many other law enforcement agencies, the 12 gauge Remington Model 870 is the standard pump-action shotgun. The CBP consequence Model 870 has been modified by Scattergun Technologies to CBP specifications including : a 14-inch barrel, a five-shot capacitance magazine, a composite stock with pistol bag, and night sights with a tactical “ ghost-ring ” rear spy. CBP uses the 5.56×45 bore Colt M4 Carbine ( M4A1 ) as the standard long gunman for CBP Officers assigned to its aviation and maritime interdiction units, the CBP Border Patrol, the CBP Special Response Teams. [ citation needed ] In April 2019, CBP awarded Glock a abridge to replace the H & K P2000. [ 47 ] A particular translation of the Glock known as G47 was produced for CBP, along with Glock G19 compact and Glock G26 subcompacts modified to CBP specifications. All will be chambered in 9mm bore. [ 48 ]

criticism [edit ]

National Public Radio ‘s Morning Edition reported that CBP radiation-detection equipment at ports is better at detecting pot litter than dangerous weapons, and that U.S. borders are so porous that congressional investigators carrying imitate nuclear materials have walked across undisputed. [ 49 ] In an article entitled “ DHS Decision-Making: Competence or Character? “, James Giermanski states that the fundamental trouble within CBP is that the means has watery and sometimes blemished management. He says that DHS and CBP suffer from “ badly flawed decision-making ”, citing the “ doorway only ” policy, radio receiver frequency recognition engineering, and miss of focus on exports which contain bombs. [ 50 ] The representation ‘s practice of performing internal document checks on buses and trains running wholly within U.S. territory has been called “ coercive, unconstitutional, and tainted by racial profiling “. [ 51 ] The United States Court of International Trade found that CBP improperly classified trade when it had untrained chemists testifying before the court. The court found that there were errors in the testing ground reports, that CBP destroyed the evidence, and the tests used by the pharmacist did not meet any Daubert standards. [ 52 ] During a federal woo sheath for unlawful removal, [ specify ] CBP and United States Department of Justice attorneys cited the U.S. Supreme Court case of Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 04-473 ), which ruled that CBP employees do not have protection from retaliation by CBP managers under the First Amendment of the Constitution. The free speech protections of the First Amendment have farseeing been used to shield whistleblowers from retaliation. In reaction to the Supreme Court decision of Garcetti v. Ceballos, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 985, the Whistleblower Protection Act of 2007, and the Senate passed its version of the Whistleblower Protection Act ( S. 274 ), which has significant bipartisan support. [ citation needed ] In 2005, a fusion of ICE and CBP was considered, following a review at the request Senator Susan Collins ( R-ME ) president of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, that found esprit de corps and operational issues with ICE and the overlapping responsibilities within the two agencies. [ 53 ] A 2018 report by the ACLU and University of Chicago Law School ‘s International Human Rights Clinic alleged that there was permeant forcible, verbal, sexual and psychological maltreatment of immigrant minors by DHS and CBP officials over the period 2009–2014. [ 54 ] Customs and Border Protection denied the allegations. [ 54 ] The ACLU published a usher, “ Know Your Rights : In the 100-mile Border Zone. ” [ 55 ] In July 2019, after a report by ProPublica, the CBP initiated an investigation into “ disturbing social media activeness hosted on a private Facebook group that may include a number of CBP employees ”. ProPublica reported that the three-year universe of the Facebook group called “ I ‘m 10-15 ” ( the code used by the Border Patrol for “ aliens in hands ” ). The Facebook group, think of for current and former Border Patrol officials, had around 9,500 members. ProPublica published screenshots and quotes of group members mocking migrant deaths, questioning if a photograph of swim migrants was “ edited ” by liberals, and posting sexist and racist jokes on Latino congressmen, including example Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. She, in call on, described this as CBP ‘s “ violent culture ”. Border Patrol Chief Carla Provost said that the “ posts are completely inappropriate ” and vowed to hold the employees responsible accountable. [ 56 ] Provost herself was once a penis of the group, having posted in it in November 2018. [ 57 ] In July 2020, the Trump administration dispatched federal officers to Portland, Oregon during protests in the city following the mangle of George Floyd. Policing tactics such as the detention of protesters in overlooked vans and the dart of demonstrator Donavan La Bella in the head with an impact turn were linked to a deployment that included CBP BORTAC agents sent to the city against the wishes of state and local anesthetic government. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] US Customs and Border Protection was named in the resulting suit filed by the Oregon Department of Justice, which accused CBP and other federal agencies of violating protesters ‘ civil rights. [ 61 ]

See besides [edit ]

References [edit ]

Citations [edit ]

Sources [edit ]

•  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Homeland Security.

foster learn [edit ]