Compass rose – Wikipedia

human body on a compass, map, nautical chart
For the meteorologic graphic, see Wind rose A compass rose, sometimes called a wind rose or rose of the winds, is a figure on a grok, map, nautical chart, or memorial used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions ( north, east, south, and west ) and their average points. It is besides the term for the gradational markings found on the traditional charismatic compass. nowadays, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, about all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons ( NDB ), VHF omnidirectional range ( VOR ) systems, global-positioning systems ( GPS ), and exchangeable equipment .
Compass rose with the eight principal winds. O = Ost, German for “ East ”

Types [edit ]

linguistic anthropological studies have shown that most homo communities have four points of cardinal direction. The names given to these directions are normally derived from either locally-specific geographic features ( e.g. “ towards the hills ”, “ towards the ocean ” ) or from celestial bodies ( particularly the sunlight ) or from atmospheric features ( winds, temperature ). [ 1 ] Most mobile populations tend to adopt sunrise and sunset for East and West and the direction from where different winds blow to denote North and South .

classical music [edit ]

The ancient Greeks in the first place maintained distinct and divide systems of points and winds. The four Greek cardinal points ( arctos, anatole, mesembria and dusis ) were based on celestial bodies and used for predilection. The four greek winds ( Boreas, Notos, Eurus, Zephyrus ) were confined to meteorology. Nonetheless, both systems were gradually conflated, and wind names came finally to denote cardinal directions as well. [ 2 ] In his meteorologic studies, Aristotle identified ten clear-cut winds : two north-south winds ( Aparctias, Notos ) and four sets of east-west winds blowing from different latitudes—the Arctic circle ( Meses, Thrascias ), the summer solstice horizon ( Caecias, Argestes ), the equinox ( Apeliotes, Zephyrus ) and the winter solstice ( Eurus, Lips ). Aristotle ‘s system was asymmetrical. To restore balance, Timosthenes of Rhodes added two more winds to produce the authoritative 12-wind rose, and began using the winds to denote geographic guidance in seafaring. Eratosthenes deducted two winds from Aristotle ‘s system, to produce the classical 8-wind rose. The Romans ( e.g. Seneca, Pliny ) adopted the greek 12-wind arrangement, and replaced its names with Latin equivalents, e.g. Septentrio, Subsolanus, Auster, Favonius, etc. uniquely, Vitruvius came up with a 24-wind rose. According to the chronicler Einhard ( c. 830 ), the Frankish king Charlemagne himself came up with his own names for the classical music 12 winds. [ 3 ] He named the four cardinal winds on the roots Nord ( etymology uncertain, could be “ wet ”, meaning from the showery lands ), Ost ( shining place, sunrise ), Sund ( cheery lands ) and Vuest ( down, meaning evening ). intermediate winds were constructed as childlike compound names of these four ( e.g. “ Nordostdroni “, the “ northeasterly ” wind instrument ). Charlemagne did not invent the names of the points of the grok, which go back to Sanskrit and Ancient Greek ; for example the news ‘east ‘ is related to the Latin word aurora meaning ‘dawn ‘. Thus there is a park source of the advanced circumnavigate point names found in closely all modern west european languages ( e.g. North, South, East and West in Old English were borrowed as Nord, Sud, Est and Ouest in French, and thus forth. ) The following table gives a approximate equivalence of the classical 12-wind rose with the modern compass directions ( eminence : the directions are imprecise since it is not clear at what angles the authoritative winds are supposed to be with each other ; some have argued that they should be equally spaced at 30 degrees each ; for more details, see the article on authoritative compass winds ) .
classical 12-wind rose, with Greek ( blasphemous ) and Latin ( loss ) names ( from Seneca )

Wind Greek Roman Frankish
N Aparctias (

ὰπαρκτίας

)

Septentrio Nordroni
NNE Meses (

μέσης

) or
Boreas (

βoρέας

)

Aquilo Nordostroni
NE Caicias (

καικίας

)

Caecias Ostnordroni
E Apeliotes (

ὰπηλιώτης

)

Subsolanus Ostroni
SE Eurus (

εΰρος

)

Vulturnus Ostsundroni
SSE Euronotus (

εὺρόνοtος

)

Euronotus Sundostroni
S Notos (

νόtος

)

Auster Sundroni
SSW Libonotos (

λιβόνοtος

)

Libonotus
or Austroafricus
Sundvuestroni

SW Lips (

λίψ

)

Africus Vuestsundroni
W Zephyrus (

ζέφυρος

)

Favonius Vuestroni
NW Argestes (

ὰργέστης

)

Corus Vuestnordroni
NNW Thrascias (

θρασκίας

)

Thrascias or Circius Nordvuestroni

sidereal [edit ]

The sidereal compass rose demarcates the circumnavigate points by the placement of stars in the night sky, rather than winds. arabian navigators in the Red Sea and the indian Ocean, who depended on celestial navigation, were using a 32-point sidereal circumnavigate rose before the end of the tenth century. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In the northern hemisphere, the steady Pole Star ( Polaris ) was used for the N-S axis ; the less-steady Southern Cross had to do for the southern hemisphere, as the southern pole ace, Sigma Octantis, is besides black to be easily seen from earth with the naked center. The other thirty points on the sidereal rose were determined by the wax and setting positions of fifteen bright stars. Reading from North to South, in their rise and setting positions, these are : [ 9 ]
The western half of the rose would be the same stars in their set position. The true position of these stars is merely approximate to their theoretical equidistant rhumb line on the sidereal compass. Stars with the same declination formed a “ linear constellation ” or kavenga to provide management as the night progressed. [ 10 ] A similar sidereal scope was used by polynesian and Micronesian navigators in the Pacific Ocean, although different stars were used in a act of cases, clustering around the East-West axis. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
In Europe, the Classical 12-wind system continued to be taught in academic settings during the Medieval earned run average, but seafarers in the Mediterranean came up with their own distinct 8-wind system. The mariners used names derived from the Mediterranean tongue franca, composed chiefly of Ligurian, mix with venetian, sicilian, Provençal, Catalan, Greek and Arabic terms from around the Mediterranean river basin . 32-wind compass with traditional names ( and traditional color code )

  • (N) Tramontana
  • (NE) Greco (or Bora)
  • (E) Levante
  • (SE) Scirocco (or Exaloc)
  • (S) Ostro (or Mezzogiorno)
  • (SW) Libeccio (or Garbino)
  • (W) Ponente
  • (NW) Maestro (or Mistral)

The demand origin of the mariner ‘s eight-wind rose is obscure. entirely two of its point names ( Ostro, Libeccio ) have classical etymologies, the rest of the names seem to be autonomously derived. Two Arabic words stand out : Scirocco ( SE ) from al-Sharq ( الشرق – east in Arabic ) and the version Garbino ( SW ), from al-Gharb ( الغرب – west in Arabic ). This suggests the mariner ‘s rose was probably acquired by southerly italian seafarers not from their classical Roman ancestors, but rather from Norman Sicily in the 11th to 12th centuries. [ 13 ] The coasts of the Maghreb and Mashriq are SW and SE of Sicily respectively ; the Greco ( a NE wind instrument ), reflects the stead of Byzantine-held Calabria-Apulia to the northeasterly of Arab Sicily, while the Maestro ( a NW wind ) is a reference to the Mistral weave that blows from the southern french coast towards northwestern sicily. [ citation needed ] The 32-point compass used for navigation in the Mediterranean by the fourteenth century, had increments of 111⁄4° between points. entirely the eight principal winds ( N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW ) were given special names. The eight half-winds fair combined the names of the two star winds, e.g. Greco-Tramontana for NNE, Greco-Levante for ENE, and so on. Quarter-winds were more cumbersomely phrased, with the closest principal fart named first and the next-closest principal wind irregular, e.g. “ Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco ” ( literally, “ one quarter hoist from north towards Northeast ”, i.e. north by East ), and “ Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana ” ( “ one draw wind from NE towards N ”, i.e. Northeast by North ). Boxing the compass ( naming all 32 winds ) was expected of all Medieval mariners. [ citation needed ]

depicting on nautical charts [edit ]

In the earliest medieval portolan charts of the fourteenth hundred, grok roses were depicted as mere collections of color-coded compass rhumb line lines : black for the eight main winds, green for the eight half-winds and bolshevik for the sixteen quarter-winds. [ 14 ] The average portolan chart had sixteen such roses ( or confluence of lines ), spaced out evenly around the circumference of a large implicit traffic circle. The cartographer Cresques Abraham of Majorca, in his Catalan Atlas of 1375, was the first to draw an flowery circumnavigate rose on a map. By the goal of the fifteenth hundred, portuguese cartographers began drawing multiple flowery compass roses throughout the chart, one upon each of the sixteen circumference roses ( unless the illustration conflicted with coastal details ). [ 15 ] The points on a grok rose were frequently labeled by the initial letters of the mariner ‘s principal winds ( T, G, L, S, O, L, P, M ). From the beginning, the custom besides began to distinguish the north from the other points by a specific ocular marker. Medieval italian cartographers typically used a dim-witted arrowhead or circumflex-hatted T ( an allusion to the scope phonograph needle ) to designate the north, while the Majorcan cartographic school typically used a stylize Pole Star for its north mark. [ 16 ] The consumption of the fleur-de-lis as north mark was introduced by Pedro Reinel, and quickly became accustomed in compass roses ( and is however frequently used nowadays ). Old compass roses besides frequently used a christian cross at Levante ( E ), indicating the management of Jerusalem from the point of horizon of the Mediterranean sea. [ 17 ] The twelve Classical winds ( or a subset of them ) were besides sometimes depicted on portolan charts, albeit not on a scope rose, but rather individually on small disks or coins on the edges of the map. The compass rose was besides depicted on cross boards used on board ships to record headings sailed at set time intervals .

mod depictions [edit ]

A 16-point compass rose on the grounds of a library serves both as a pedagogical device and populace artwork The contemporary circumnavigate rose appears as two rings, one smaller and set inside the early. The away ring denotes true cardinal directions while the smaller inside ring denotes magnetic cardinal directions. True north refers to the geographic localization of the north pole while magnetic north refers to the guidance towards which the north punt of a magnetic aim ( as found in a compass ) will point. The angular remainder between true and magnetic north is called pas seul, which varies depending on placement. [ 18 ] The angular difference between magnetic head and compass head is called deviation which varies by vessel and its head. north arrows are frequently included in contemporary maps as part of the map layout. The modern compass rose has eight principal winds. Listed clockwise, these are :

Compass point Abbr. Heading Traditional wind
North N Tramontana
North-East NE 45° (45°×1) Greco or Grecale
East E 90° (45°×2) Levante
South-East SE 135° (45°×3) Scirocco
South S 180° (45°×4) Ostro or Mezzogiorno
South-West SW 225° (45°×5) Libeccio or Garbino
West W 270° (45°×6) Ponente
North-West NW 315° (45°×7) Maestro or Mistral

Although modern compasses use the names of the eight chief directions ( N, NE, E, SE, etc. ), older compasses use the traditional Italianate wind names of Medieval origin ( Tramontana, Greco, Levante, etc. ) 4-point grok roses use lone the four “ basic winds ” or “ cardinal directions “ ( North, East, South, West ), with angles of dispute at 90°. 8-point compass roses use the eight principal winds —that is, the four cardinal directions ( N, E, S, W ) plus the four “ intercardinal ” or “ ordinal number directions “ ( NE, SE, SW, NW ), at angles of difference of 45°. 12-point scope roses, with markings 30° apart, are frequently painted on airport ramps to assist with the allowance of aircraft charismatic grok compensators. [ 19 ]
16-point circumnavigate rose from 1753 Dutch Map 16-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting the angles of the principal winds to come up with intermediate circumnavigate points, known as half-winds, at angles of difference of 221⁄2°. The names of the half-winds are merely combinations of the principal winds to either side, principal then ordinal. E.g. North-northeast ( NNE ), East-northeast ( ENE ), etc. Using gradians, of which there are 400 in a lap, [ 20 ] the sixteen-point rose has twenty-five gradians per point. 32-point scope roses are constructed by bisecting these angles, and coming up with quarter-winds at 111⁄4° angles of dispute. Quarter-wind names are constructed with the names “ X by Y ”, which can be read as “ one stern wind from X toward Y ”, where ten is one of the eight star winds and Y is one of the two adjacent cardinal number directions. For model, North-by-east ( NbE ) is one quarter wind from north towards East, Northeast-by-north ( NEbN ) is one quarter wind from Northeast toward North. Naming all 32 points on the rose is called “ boxing the compass “. The 32-point rose has 111⁄4° between points, but is well found by halving divisions and may have been easier for those not using a 360° lap. Eight points make a right lean and a point is comfortable to estimate allowing bearings to be given such as “ two points off the starboard bow ”. [ 21 ]

Use as symbol [edit ]

  • The NATO symbol uses a four pointed rose.
  • Outward Bound uses the compass rose as the logo for various schools around the world.
  • An 8-point compass rose was the logo of Varig, the largest airline in Brazil for many decades until its bankruptcy in 2006.
  • An 8-point compass rose is a prominent feature in the logo of the Seattle Mariners Major League Baseball club.
  • Hong Kong Correctional Services’s crest uses four point star.
  • The compass rose is used as the symbol of the worldwide Anglican Communion of churches.[22]
  • A 16-point compass rose was IBM’s logo for the System/360 product line.
  • A 16-point compass rose is the official logo of the Spanish National University of Distance Education (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia or UNED).[23]
  • A 16-point compass rose is present on the seal and the flag of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Federal government of the United States (the CIA).

In democratic culture [edit ]

See besides [edit ]

References [edit ]

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