Dynamic Coasts and immovable cultural resources: an assessment of the impact of natural-environmental factors on coastal cultural heritage, Case of Brunswick County, North Carolina

Sorna Khakzad
University of West Florida, USA
mindovermetal.999@gmail.com

Received 29 September 2017, Accepted 27 November 2017, Available online 19 January 2018 10.21463/jmic.2017.06.2.03

Abstract

coastal cultural resources provide all-important links to the past and are crucial centerpieces for weave maritime inheritance community narratives, and are valuable cultural resources. Similar to many other places in the world, in southeastern NC, natural and environmental factors such as storms, erosion and climate change have caused damages to, and continue to threaten, cultural inheritance in different ways. Categorizing the degree of importance of these sites and prioritizing actions for their conservation can not only facilitate preserving some sites, but besides contribute to our understanding about the by, before these assets vanish from coastal areas. however, a full sympathy of the different factors that affect different cultural assets does not even exist. In ordain to prioritize our actions regarding cultural heritage management, a exhaustive sketch on the impingement of natural and environmental factors on coastal cultural inheritance is necessary. A research deduction, which includes a taxonomic recapitulation of literature and former experiences, and assorted data analyses result in new cognition about the probable future country of coastal cultural heritage in Brunswick County. The result is a sic of gamble maps for coastal cultural inheritance in Brunswick County that can assist managers and policy makers to prioritize their actions regarding conservation, conservation and management of coastal cultural heritage .

Keywords

dynamic coasts, maritime inheritance, community narratives, Brunswick County, North Carolina

Introduction

coastal cultural resources, including nautical historic and prehistoric features and structures, cultural landscapes, submerged cultural parks and preserves, act authoritative roles in sustainable development for poverty decrease, support promotion, education, and environmental protection ( Vallega, 2003 ; Pinder and Vallega, 2003 ; Westerdhal, 2011 ; Ford, 2011 ; Campbell, 2000 ; Khakzad et alabama, 2015 ). These resources help to promote people ‘s smell of identity and place attachment ( Salmons, 2007 ; Luchsinger, 2008 ). however, in many instances, coastal cultural inheritance sites are threatened by diverseness of factors due to moral force department of state of the coast ( Erlandson, 2008 ). These factors vary from different coastal areas with different coastal morphology and presence of variety show of lifelike factors ( Murphy et aluminum, 2009 ). These factors include, but not limited to soils, waves, tides, wind, storms and beach erosion ( Roberts and Trow, 2002 ; McVey and Erlandson, 2012 ; Emanuel, 2005 ; Webster et alabama, 2005 ; Elsner et al., 2008 ; Martin and Parris, 2007 ). The impacts that local anesthetic geological conditions, geomorphologic processes and climate change can bring on inheritance assets have been documented across a count of countries and their coastlines ( Murphy et alabama, 2009 ; Pearson, 2007 ). These coastal processes have different and varied levels of impacts on coastal cultural heritage, depending on the austereness of processes, and submit of conservation and placement of cultural assets ( Murphy et aluminum, 2009 ). The state of conservation, cognition of the type and order of magnitude of threats, and public awareness have been highlighted by many experts as major factors in preservation and management of cultural inheritance ( De la Torre, 2002 ). Increasing cognition of the threats to cultural inheritance resources is an essential and significant first gear step to prioritize preservation and management strategies ( personal communication with Dr. Brad Barr, Senior Policy Advisor, NOAA/ONMS, 21 Aug. 2014 ).

The coastal areas of North Carolina are constantly affected by natural factors that can adversely affect many cultural and archaeological sites. Brunswick County is one of the significant historic areas in North Carolina. consequently, the aim of this research is to determine major natural-environmental factors that are threatening preservation of coastal cultural inheritance in this area. The confront research applies a synthesis methodology for analyzing the existing data. Studies such as the present research can benefit from a multidisciplinary approach based on the consolidation of diverse data and methodologies within archeology, history, geology, geography, and morphology ( Daire et aluminum, 2012 ). several sets of data from diverse categories of cultural heritage sites, such as archaeological sites and historical sites, are available through different sources including the Office of State Archaeology, State Historic Preservation Office, National Park Service, NOAA, and the ECU archive. This research, besides, addresses the gaps in present data that complicate the assessment of cultural heritage and consequently, the future preservation design and management of cultural resources .

Natural factors impacting Southeastern North Carolina coastal cultural heritage

The major factors threatening North Carolina ’ mho slide are sea floor rise, the recurring annual danger of storm surges during hurricane season, and floods from big rain events ( Riggs et al., 2000 ; Mallinson et al., 2005, 2008 ). consequently, more coastal flood occurs per annum from ramp surges, and stronger thunderstorms and tropical cyclones create more beckon energy on North Carolina ’ s seashore each year ( Smith et al., 2006 ; Beven et al., 2007 ). In depleted lay nation, the nuisance implosion therapy is increasing due to climate-related sea level rise and kingdom cave in. The pain implosion therapy, combined with personnel casualty of natural coastal barriers, is a major factor that can threaten the stability of many structures ( Sweet and Park, 2014 ; Sweet et aluminum, 2014 ; NOAA, Nuisance flood, 2016 ). shoreline changes and erosion are early impacting factors in the coastlines. Based on the 2011 N.C. Division of Coastal Management ( NCDCM ) report, 62 % of the North Carolina shoreline change rates at ‐2 feet per year or less, and 20 % measured erosion rates between ‐2.5 and ‐5 feet per year ( NCDCM, 2016 ). Brunswick County is considered Region 1 in NCDCM, which means the shoreline in this region is exposed and vulnerable. This shoreline is facing strong roll bodily process from the south. Waves can have short-run, seasonal worker, and long-run impacts on both the cross-shore and along-shore beach human body. In addition, more impact through more patronize storms and wave events change the general beach delineate and involve structures and sites along the shoreline ( BIMP, 2011 ) .
Considering the horizontal surface of impingement that different natural factors impose on North Carolina coastal area, the present study uses the available data on four major factors of low-lying resurrect, floods, storm soar, and hurricanes to create risk maps for cultural inheritance in coastal area of Brunswick County .

Delineation of the study area and research methodology

A buffer of 2 miles from the edge of the water system, including the rivers and Intracoastal Waterway, in Brunswick County has been selected. In rate to delineate, the criteria of ‘ Areas of Environmental Concern ’ ( AEC ) were adopted. coastal AEC includes : coastal wetlands, estuarine waters, public believe areas, estuarine shorelines, ocean beaches, frontal dunes, ocean erosion areas, inlet lands, and delicate natural resource areas ( State Coastal Zone Boundaries, 2012 ) .
The survey has been conducted in two main phases with application of different methods as follows :

Phase 1: Data collection

Two chief sets of data have been compiled for this study : cultural inheritance data and geomorphologic and environmental data. different sources were used for collecting relevant data for Brunswick county coastal area. The data sets for cultural and archaeological sites in the coastal areas in Brunswick County were acquired from the Office of State Archaeology, and sites with significance for traditional fish communities have been recorded during the field inquiry and through conducting interviews with fishermen. The ECU archive was besides consulted to collect more information on some sites. Compiling all these data sets showed that there are more than 1300 archaeological and cultural inheritance sites in the study sphere ( 2 mile buff ). geomorphologic and environmental data was accrued from several dependable sources, as listed in table 1 .

Phase 2: Data superimposition

In order to assess the tied of vulnerability to different natural factors in North Carolina ( hurricane, storm tide, flood, and low-lying wax ), available geomorphologic datum was superimposed with inheritance maps in ArcGIS. Various ArcGIS methods of analysis, including Cross Tabulation and Zonal Geometry, were used to predict the coverage and shock values of different environmental factors at cultural heritage sites in the study area. For this purpose, geo-visualization technics were applied in analysis. Geo-visualization is helpful for multiple purposes and users, for interpreting spatial patterns, and for better and more inform communication among academics, government managers, and stakeholders ( Slocum et alabama, 2009 ). There are examples of visual image, such as storm scend, hurricanes and floods forecasts, which offer opportunities to raise hazard awareness and to improve communication of impending disasters in emergency situations ( Allen et alabama, 2013 ; FEMA, 2016 ; Houston and Powell, 2012 ). ArcGIS software provides an effective joyride for map and loss estimate, such as the FEMA HAZUS ( Pine et alabama, 2005 ) .

Results

Learning from projects such as FEMA HAZUS and other modeling technics, in this section, the plan composes a series of maps for general risk evaluation of archaeological and cultural sites. These maps are produced by superimposing four chief natural-environmental affect factors in North Carolina ( flood, storm-surge, low-lying upgrade and hurricane ), and cultural and archaeological data. These risk maps highlight the areas that potentially get moved and threatened by these factors. The flat of terror for each factor has been calculated based on rendition of the existing data according to level of asperity that was assigned to each factor based on the literature and different scenarios. These levels are relative and entirely comparable within the datasets that were used for each gene .

Risk Maps

a. Superimposition of Flood Hazard Zones and Cultura-Archaeological Data

In this study, the scales from FEMA have been used for flood venture zones. Flood guess areas identified on the Flood Insurance Rate Map, according to FEMA, are identified as a special Flood Hazard Area ( SFHA ). SFHA are defined as the area that will be inundated by the flood event having a 1-percent luck of being equaled or exceeded in any given class. The 1-percent annual prospect flood is besides referred to as the base flood, or 100-year flood. Moderate flood gamble areas are the areas between the limits of the base flood tide and the 0.2-percent-annual-chance ( or 500-year ) flood. The areas of minimal flood gamble are the areas outside the SFHA and higher than the elevation of the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood ( unshaded ) ( FEMA.flood-zones, 2016 ). This data was superimposed with cultural inheritance data [ Map 1 ] .

Flood Zones and Coastal Cultural Heritage. The points are the various cultural and archaeological sites with different historical values, sociocultural significance and state of preservation. This risk map highlights the areas where these sites are prone to the three levels of flood hazard. The zoomed out Shallotte River area provides a better view from the locations of the sites in relation to the different flood hazard. Most sites are prone to minimal flood hazard; a few sites are at the edge of the river threatened by riverine flood and floodway.

Based on the literature, data from FEMA, and policy evaluation, for Minimal Chance of deluge, Impact Value 1 ; for Flood Way, Impact Value 2, and for a 2 % find of annual flood, the authors assigned Impact Value 3. Although flood ways are important in FEMA, no cultural-archaeological sites are mapped in these areas. only one location is considered as ‘ riverine flood ways ’ with no commemorate cultural resources. thus, this area has been excluded from the calculation. After assigning the values, cultural data and natural data were mapped and analyzed in ArcGIS, applying Cross Tabulation tool. Map 1 was produced for “ Flood Zones and Coastal Cultural Heritage ” as a hazard map for flood hazard. The number of potential sites in different impingement zones are summarized in board 2 .

Table 2 shows that 40.85% of total sites are in low level of flood hazard, 11.09% in moderate level of flood hazard and 2.70% in high risk of flood.

b. Superposition of Storm Surge Zones and Archaeological—Cultural Data

Based on the GIS data set of Hurricane Storm Surge Inundation Areas, developed by the National Hurricane Center, in cooperation with the North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis in 1993, four categories of storm billow that causes flood were mapped : cat0, cat3, cat12, and cat45 ) ( Nc1map_Hurricanes ( Mapserver ) ). These categories are a conservative estimate of flood in worst-case scenario and entirely indicate a wide range of still urine, if surges occur. For case, the cat12 layer is a function of what would be inundated by a Saffir-Simpson scale category 2, which is a worst-case scenario for a storm of that class ( Saffir, 1973, Simpson, 1974 ). The storm soar data were superimposed with cultural inheritance data to produce storm soar risk map for cultural inheritance [ Map 2 ] .

Storm Surge Zones and Coastal Cultural Heritage. This map shows the cultural resources in the study area in relation to the different threats of storm surge. One of the areas, most prone to suffering from storm surge, is Cape Fear Area. In this area, several valuable cultural heritage sites, such as earthen structures, fortresses, lighthouses and archaeological sites, with different strengths and state of preservation exist. The impact of storms surge can varies from washing, eroding to destructing the sites.

postpone 3 shows the total of sites that are affected by different levels of storm scend .

About 7% of the sites are in low level of risk (1 (SS:0)) by storm surge; 18.28% are in secondary level of threat (low moderate: 2 (SS: 3)), 14.30% in high moderate (3 (SS: 12)), and 11.32% in high level of threat (4 (SS:45)) by storm surge.

c. Hurricane and Archaeological—Cultural Data

According to the historic hurricane data, many hurricanes have affected Cape Fear area [ Map 3 ]. Hurricanes Dennis ( 1981 ) and Barry ( 2007 ) had about exact routes. however, their years of happening were far from each other. Bertha ( 1996 ) and Fran ( 1996 ) hit Cape Fear area in the like class very close to each other. Hanna ( 2008 ) besides hit the Cape Fear sphere. In the western slope of the Brunswick seashore, the phone number of hurricanes which hit the coastal areas is besides high. Hurricanes Beryl ( 2012 ), Bonnie ( 2004 ) and Charley ( 2004, cat. 4 ) hit the land in a very close distance from each early. Nevertheless, the lines on these maps show only the pattern of the hurricanes ’ eyes, and the moved areas are far wider than these lines—sometimes tens of kilometers. In addition, the volume of the hurricanes are besides different. Since there is no prediction map available for future hurricanes, a hazard map for future can not be composed from the available data. Nonetheless, historic datum shows that Brunswick County and particularly Cape Fear are prone to hurricane. Considering that the assiduity of inheritance assets in Cape Fear and upriver in Cape River is high, the probability of cultural heritage being affected by hurricane is logically viable .

Hurricane Tracks and Coastal Cultural Heritage. This map shows the patterns of previous hurricanes in the study area. The impact of strong winds, floods and storm surge due to hurricane can affect many archaeological sites and cultural heritage, ranging from destruction of unstable buildings such as the Creek Boathouse, to washing and eroding the remains of building such as Ft. Caswell and Ft. George, and erosion and weathering of buildings and archaeological sites.

d. Sea-level Rise and Archaeological-Cultural Data

Sea flush rise is a long-run risk and its affect on cultural inheritance sites can be mitigated, if enough understand of the extent of sea level rise and its damages on different types of inheritance can be estimated. The low-lying rise data acquired from NOAA uses three scenarios of 1ft, 2ft and 3ft flood that were projected on the maps. These three layers were superimposed individually with the archaeological and diachronic data. General map for 2 ft. low-lying rise scenario has been presented in Map 4. Some sections of the maps are zoomed in [ Maps 5 and 6 ] to show the cultural inheritance sites that pay back affected and inundated by ocean emanation in different scenarios. Although in some cases the water might not reach the sites or cause flood, the proximity of these sites to water will increase the gamble of by penetration of salt-water into these entities, which increase the risk of corporeal and morphologic erosion .

Sea Level Rise and Coastal Cultural Heritage. This general map shows the 2 ft. sea-level rise scenario in relation to the locations of the cultural and archaeological sites in the study area.

Sea Level Rise Scenarios in Shallotte Area. This map series shows the Shallotte River and Shallotte Inlet. The first scenario of sea level rise (1ft.) affects some of the sites that are close to the water edge, mostly at the mouth of the river and low lands and islands. However, the second and third sea level rise scenarios (2 and 3ft.) do not show significant land submergence and immediate danger to any historical and archaeological sites in Shallotte area.

Sea Level Rise Scenarios in Cape Fear Area. This map series shows the Cape Fear Area. Sea level rise has a greater impact on this area, and covers more cultural heritage sites. With the occurrence of first sea level rise scenario, several cultural heritage sites, such as the archaeological sites known as British Forth and Hospital on Bald Head Island, will completely be inundated. The Creek Boathouse will be in immediate danger of impact by sea-level rise. In addition, many archaeological and cultural heritage sites, such as Bald Head Island Lighthouse, Fort Caswel and Oak Island Lighthouse might suffer from immediate proximity to the water. The 2 and 3 ft. sea level rise scenarios show that some low land areas will be flooded completely.

Discussion

introduce study applied an interdisciplinary approach and a synthesize methodology in regulate to create hazard maps for coastal cultural inheritance. The cogitation and analysis showed that some conclusions regarding the level of natural-environmental factors affecting cultural resources could be drawn in order to prioritize actions for conservation and protection of cultural resources in hazard areas. however, the research faced respective challenges, which derive from the quality of existing data in fulfilling its objectives fully. One of the main challenges is that existing data is inadequate for detailed analyze, plan, and management. The insufficiency of data was observed in existing data on archaeological and cultural inheritance resources and in some natural and environmental datasets. Some of the issues that were faced are explained as follows.

One of the issues is with categorizing the cultural and archaeological sites. Archaeological data are categorized in two chief groups of Points and Sites. Points are considered as those that were reported as individual findings, such as a shard of pottery, shells, organ pipe, or other artifacts. Sites are more likely a huge solicitation of findings and archaeological remains in a landscape. The sites and points were labeled as Historic ( H ), Pre-historic ( P ), and Both ( PH ). There are reports available about most of these items at the State Archaeology Office. however, many of the reports on these sites are from the environmental investigation reports. therefore, the zoning system of these sites is based on the advanced urban planning and blocks of house, where each block was individually investigated for possible universe of archaeological and cultural remains before new construction, rather than considering the entire archaeological site. As a result, the number of sites are associated with the number of house and urban blocks, not with the actual likely archaeological sites .
On the State Historic Preservation Office dataset one category of the sites are Destructed/Moved Sites. Since one important goal of the present research was to understand the affect factors on the archaeological/cultural sites, the dataset was searched for the reasons that caused the end and wrong of those sites. however, in the datum rig there was not many entities whose destruction/displacement reasons were explained or known. Since there is no commemorate of all the factors that caused destruction/displacement of sites, no concrete ending can be drawn from analyzing these data to understand the major reasons of destruction/displacement of these sites. According to the NC Regional Supervisor, the Historic Preservation Office updates the information about sites, if merely a third party reports about these buildings and sites. If a site/building is displaced or destructed, normally, there is no information available about the causal agent of its destruction/displacement ( e-mail communication with Scott Power, Regional Supervisor, Eastern Office, N.C. State Historic Preservation Office, Department of Natural and Cultural Resources ). If such data existed, a better analysis could be performed and factors that are affecting coastal cultural inheritance could be dependable understand .
This analyze examined four major natural factors that affect coastal areas, independently, to estimate the extent of the risks to cultural and archaeological sites in Brunswick County. respective challenges were faced during the analysis. The data used for this study was accumulated from general existing natural and environmental data, and the datasets were not specifically managed for assessing their shock on cultural inheritance. furthermore, the accuracy and handiness of update data for specific locations, in accession to the psychoanalysis technics were not ideal for the objectives of the give research. The ongoing development of mod engineering can improve our collect, interpretation and understand of data. For exemplar, studies showed that discrepancies in flood predictions when using traditional contour-based billow maps compared to contemporary digital LiDAR-based flood models are significant, which can greatly influence decision stool ( Allen et aluminum, 2013 ). furthermore, hazard to archaeological and cultural inheritance sites can merely approximately be characterized by barely overlaying structures/sites and natural-environmental factors. The flush of affect can vary depending on the sites elevation, material, architectural designs and sites stability. In accession, the writer acknowledge that the grade of threat and risk can be amplified, if all these factors affect cultural resources at the lapp time or during an extensive time period. In addition, GIS analysis besides have its own challenges to depict the setting of risks and threats .
Some data sets are outdated. For example, the storm tide data acquired from NC OneMap and used for the stage research have in the first place been accumulated and mapped with the engineering and capability of the mid-1990s. This datum was manually made by digitizing the original data onto topographical maps, using SLOSH model to estimate the areas that a billow might cover. therefore, the accuracy of data and covered zones might not be demand. furthermore, this datum does not show the astuteness of flood, or the force out of storm billow and tides. additionally, the shock of flood and flood through sea level rise varies, depending on factors such as type of build or web site, its material, its location, type of land, and the vulnerability of buildings and sites to salt and water penetration through the land and buildings ’ foundation. In order to estimate the impact of flood on the cultural and archaeological sites, each site needs a offprint study to understand all the above mentioned factors. The risk map here alone demonstrates the site that can be affected by flood, but the impingement factor does not consider the sites ’ vulnerability .
Two sites are chosen here for more discussion in details. These sites are selected because there is more information available on the country of preservation and the factors affecting them .

Bald Head Island Boat House

This site is an old wooden boat sign of the zodiac, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is listed as a place, associated with events ( fishing, boatbuilding, etc. ) which have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history as a morphologic marker in a long history of european liquidation of the nautical Cape Fear region ( NRHP, 2016 ). The registration form was prepared in 1997, which describes the site as the ca. 1915 Bald Head Creek Boathouse, a surviving member of a series of structures erected beginning in the late eighteenth century that signified efforts to provide safe ship passage in this treacherous stretch of the North Carolina coast. ( National Register of Historic Places, registration Form ) .
This elementary single-craft, orthogonal frame of reference, gable-roofed social organization rests on wooden pilings. It was built to store supplies and boats. Due to the dramatic transfer of the shape and direction of the creek distribution channel during the past ninety years, the boathouse location in relation back to the water has changed. soon, the limit for the Bald Head Creek Boathouse includes a 25-foot swath surrounding the margin of the boathouse. The boathouse is situated in Bald Head Creek, a tidal brook which is constantly shifting. The 25-foot swath around the boathouse includes a parcel of the creek and marsh. The natural changes, in addition to the changes to the social ( i.e. more tourists and new comers versus fishermen ) and urban ( i.e. move of the fishing facilities ) setting resulted in desertion of the boathouse, and consequently its rapid deterioration .
Although the web site is one of the most popular paintings and photographic scenes on the island and it is a register web site, no carry through has been taken for its conservation, and its structure is suffering from deterioration. The fact that the build is standing on wooden pilings in tidal marsh suggests the stability of the build is questionable. The comparison between the pictures taken at the meter of its registration form homework ( 1997 ) with late pictures ( 2015 ) shows the extent of its deterioration in about three decades [ Fig. 1a and b ]. In addition, considering the location of this build in lowland areas of Baldhead Island and the projection of low-lying rise and storm tide data, this build up is in at hand gamble of price, if these scenarios take impression. The Creek Boathouse would be affected by one-foot low-lying ascent scenario, which is the minimal predicted low-lying rise scenario, and cat12 storm scend, which is the worst-case scenario for ramp billow .


a) Aerial image showing deterioration of the roof structure of the boat house (Photo by: Lynn Harris). b) The Creek Boathouse in 1997 © NC State Historic Preservation Office photo collection.

The boathouse case shows that natural factors, such as wind and damp and the major shift of the river channel, combined with the lack of preservation feat are the main factors deteriorating the build up. This build up can suffer from these factors in short-run. Despite status as a National Registered building, no preservation efforts have taken identify to date. Given the historic values of this site and natural factors that threatening this build, in addition to the efforts to document its present condition ( East Carolina University ongoing Project ), there is sufficient data available for arguing the indigence for its preservation. This information can help managers to make sound decision and take inform actions in regards to preservation and/or shift of the Creek Boathouse .

Brunswick Town

Brunswick Town was settled about 1725. The town was erected at the previous ( or adjacent to the previous ) Charles Town, and some archaeological remains of native Americans settlements ( Lee, 1963 ). Brunswick Town was one of the most outstanding port and political centers ( Pedlow, 19797 : 9 ). The locate comprises historic houses and ruins, and remains of the port and wharves. The solve, to actively save historic places from end or unkindly change, began with the establishment of the Brunswick Town State Historic Site in the 1950s ( Landmark Preservation Associates, 2010 ). Brunswick Town is a Historic Registered Site .
archaeological studies in Brunswick Town have identified the remains of four colonial wharves and the possible locations of five more. Cape Fear River experiences hydrological floods, which is a acme in river discharge following rain or snowmelt, and causes erosion along the river shoreline ( Becker, Luettich, & Mallin, 2010 ). Jim McKee, historic interpreter for the Brunswick Town State Historic Site, stated that since 2010, due to the Cape Fear ’ s flood and impregnable water flow, the banks of the river are constantly eroded, which results in the vulnerability of more wharves [ Fig. 2 ]. Superimposition of this site on the gamble map shows that this site can be affected by one-foot low-lying rise scenario and cat12 storm rush. In addition, historic datum shows that this web site is located in a hurricane-prone region. The existing datum shows that seasonally, there will be more severe river current and flood in the riverbank, which will result in more erosion and loss of material and structure .

Images show different sections of Brunswick Town along the Cape Fear River, where the impact of water flow clearly altered the sites and caused exposure of some artifacts and destructions in some sections. © The State Archaeology Office, Photo courtesy: John Mintz

The preservation efforts aim to conserve 3,600 linear feet of coastline. This feat includes setting “ Tensar Geogrid ” marine mattresses, rock-filled engage containers that offer a place for vegetation emergence that absorbs the energy of constant wave motion, produced by tides and passing boats, adenine well as flood. In order to protect the site, more hindrance actions are required. The down is partially owned by the secret sector and partially by the military. Disagreement among the owners is one of the issues that complicates the candidate of a mix strategy for management and preservation efforts ( Star News, 2013 ). Existing information on this site and being aware of its historic values enhanced the possibilities of its protection. however, factors, such as fund and different ownerships, complicated decision-making .
In general, assessment of the department of state of existing sites, buildings and their structures will help to analyze the impact of each factor more accurately. The two mentioned case studies are exemplar of a few fairly well documented sites and structures, with existing information about their present condition. Nevertheless, not all the cultural-archaeological entities hold the data about their structures and materials, which is necessary for decision-making. therefore, the present analysis can only highlighted probable major factors that possibly affect cultural resources, not the extent and demand human body of impact .

Conclusion

several natural and anthropogenetic factors, including storms, low-lying raise, flood and hurricane are threatening coastal areas of North Carolina. Through synthesizing data, the give analyze provided risk maps for different factors. These risk maps highlight the areas that are more at risk of flood in short condition, might be suffering from the affect of low-lying rise in farseeing term, and the probability of being affected by hurricanes and storms. In accession, interpretation of this data for assessing the probable risk of flood and storm surge on cultural properties only can provide a very basic sympathy on the vicinity of the cultural sites in sexual intercourse to different floor of flood venture. As aforesaid, for a proper moderation and protection of cultural properties, it is necessary to have a better reason of the nature of cultural properties, their country of preservation, their susceptibility to salt and fresh water system penetration, their materials and morphologic stability. however, the cultural resources datasets do not provide these specifics. According to the risk maps, several significant cultural heritage sites are threatened by different factors in long term. The concern about ocean degree get up is multifaceted because it will cause salt-water penetration into different sites and material, and causes unpredictable changes in the environment. Hurricane data merely show the historical and past hurricanes. No hurricane prediction map has even been produced for Brunswick County. More studies on the changes in the categories of hurricane and possible prediction scenarios can help cultural heritage managers to create moderation plans for hurricane.

The risk maps can be a hardheaded manner to guide managers ( and other electric potential stakeholders ) toward envisioning strategies and plans that preserve cultural inheritance resources either through move of the sites, adaptation strategies, or in situ moderation and protection policies. As previously mentioned, for such plans and strategies, accurate data on the submit of cultural resources, their preservation and their level of social and cultural significance is necessity. In other news, before acquiring such data on each web site and construction, no site-specific extenuation or adaptation strategies could be recommended. The existing risk maps are the first steps that can entirely reveal what sites are threatened by natural-environmental factors, and show the grade of severity of those factors, not the level of their impacts on cultural properties. This inquiry can be considered as a benchmark for future reference for gamble assessment, and provided a strategy to collect and perfect data. The proposed strategy can be expanded and applied for other sites, and can include other factors affecting cultural assets in this area, and early areas .

Acknowledgements

The author appreciates all the help and support that she received from her advisors at East Carolina University, including Drs Lynn Harris, David Griffith and Tom Allen. besides, many thanks to the University of West Florida, Florida Public Archaeology Network, particularly Drs William Lees and Della Scott-Ireton for their scientific support .

Endnotes

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