Portugal – Wikipedia

area in Southwestern Europe
This article is about the area. For other uses, see Portugal ( disambiguation )
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ), [ note 4 ] is a nation whose mainland is located on the iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose district besides includes the Atlantic archipelago of the Azores and Madeira. It features the westernmost point in mainland Europe, and its iberian fortune is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole nation to have a land bound with Portugal. Its two archipelago form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The official and national terminology is portuguese. Lisbon is the capital and largest city.

Portugal is the oldest continuously existing nation state on the iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been endlessly settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times. It was inhabited by pre-Celtic and celtic peoples, visited by Phoenicians – Carthaginians, Ancient Greeks and ruled by the Romans, who were followed by the invasions of the Suebi and Visigothic Germanic peoples. After the invasion of the iberian Peninsula by the Moors, most of its territory was region of Al-Andalus. Portugal as a state was established during the early Christian Reconquista. Founded in 868, the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede ( 1128 ). The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique ( 1139 ), and independence from León was recognized by the Treaty of Zamora ( 1143 ). [ 11 ] In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global maritime and commercial empire, becoming one of the worldly concern ‘s major economic, political and military powers. [ 12 ] During this menstruation, today referred to as the Age of Discovery, Portuguese explorers pioneered nautical exploration with the discovery of what would become Brazil ( 1500 ). During this time Portugal monopolized the spice trade, divided the populace into hemispheres of dominion with Castile, and the empire expanded with military campaigns in Asia. however, events such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the nation ‘s occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil ( 1822 ) erased to a great extent Portugal ‘s anterior luxury. [ 13 ] A civil war between free constitutionalists and bourgeois absolutists in Portugal over royal succession lasted from 1828 to 1834. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the Estado Novo authoritarian regimen. majority rule was restored after the Carnation Revolution ( 1974 ), ending the portuguese Colonial War. shortly after, independence was granted to about all its abroad territories. The handover of Macau to China ( 1999 ) marked the end of what can be considered one of the longest-lived colonial empires in history. Portugal has left a profound cultural, architectural and linguistic influence across the globe, with a bequest of around 250 million portuguese speakers, and many Portuguese-based creoles. It is a developed country with an advance economy and high gear support standards. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] additionally, it ranks highly in peaceableness, majority rule, [ 17 ] press exemption, constancy, social advancement, prosperity and english proficiency. A member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area and the Council of Europe ( CoE ), Portugal was besides one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of portuguese Language Countries .

etymology [edit ]

Anta da Arca Chalcolithic Dolmen The parole Portugal derives from the Roman – celtic place name Portus Cale ; [ 18 ] a city where contemporary Vila Nova de Gaia immediately stands, at the mouth of the River Douro in the north of what is now Portugal. The identify of the city is from the Latin discussion for port or harbor, portus, but the moment element of Portus Cale is less net. The mainstream explanation for the name is that it is an ethnonym derived from the Castro people, besides known as the Callaeci, Gallaeci or Gallaecia, who occupied the north-west of the iberian Peninsula. [ 19 ] The names Cale and Callaici are the origin of today ‘s Gaia and Galicia. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Another theory proposes that Cale or Calle is a ancestry of the Celtic word for port, like the Irish caladh or Scottish Gaelic cala. These explanations, would require the pre-Roman linguistic process of the sphere to have been a branch of Q-Celtic, which is not generally accepted because the region ‘s pre-Roman terminology was Gallaecian Celtic, normally considered P-Celtic. however, scholars like Jean Markale and Tranoy propose that the Celtic branches all share the same origin, and placenames such as Cale, Gal, Gaia, Calais, Galatia, Galicia, Gaelic, Gael, Gaul, Wales, Cornwall, Wallonia and others all stem from one linguistic etymon. [ 20 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Another theory has it that Cala was the name of a celtic goddess ( drawing a comparison with the Gaelic Cailleach, a supernatural hag ). Some french scholars believe the list may have come from “ Portus Gallus ”, [ 24 ] the port of the Gauls or Celts. Around 200 BC, the Romans took the iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it Portus Cale ( “ Port of Cale ” ) and incorporating it in the province of Gaellicia with its das kapital in Bracara Augusta ( modern day Braga, Portugal ). During the Middle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale. The name Portucale evolved into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the ninth century, that term was used extensively to refer to the area between the rivers Douro and Minho. By the 11th and 12th centuries, Portugale, Portugallia, Portvgallo or Portvgalliae was already referred to as Portugal. The fourteenth century Middle French name for the country, Portingal, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of excrescence, go around to Middle English. [ 25 ] Middle English variant spellings included Portingall, Portingale, [ note 5 ] Portyngale and Portingaill. [ 25 ] [ 27 ] The spell Portyngale is found in Chaucer ‘s Epilogue to the Nun ‘s Priest ‘s Tale. These variants survive in the Torrent of Portyngale, a Middle English chat up composed around 1400, and “ Old Robin of Portingale “, an english Child ballad. Portingal and variants were besides used in Scots [ 25 ] and survive in the cornish mention for the nation, Portyngal .

history [edit ]

prehistory [edit ]

The early history of Portugal is shared with the stay of the iberian Peninsula located in south-western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the join Romano-Celtic appoint Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre- Celts and Celts, giving lineage to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, [ 28 ] Celtici and Cynetes ( besides known as Conii ), [ 29 ] visited by Phoenicians – Carthaginians and Ancient Greeks, was incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD. The region of contemporary Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. [ 30 ] These were subsistence societies and although they did not establish golden settlements, they did form organized societies. neolithic age Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the resurrect of some grain crops and fluvial or marine fishing. [ 30 ]
It is believed by some scholars that early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local anesthetic populations, forming different tribes. [ 31 ] Another hypothesis suggests that Celts inhabited western Iberia / Portugal well before any boastfully celtic migrations from Central Europe. [ 32 ] In addition, a numeral of linguists expert in ancient Celtic have presented compelling attest that the Tartessian linguistic process, once spoken in parts of SW Spain and SW Portugal, is at least proto-Celtic in structure. [ 33 ] Modern archeology and inquiry shows a portuguese ancestor to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere. [ 34 ] During that period and until the Roman invasions, the Castro culture ( a variation of the Urnfield polish besides known as Urnenfelderkultur ) was prolific in Portugal and modern Galicia. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 21 ] This culture, in concert with the surviving elements of the Atlantic megalithic culture [ 37 ] and the contributions that come from the more westerly Mediterranean cultures, ended up in what has been called the Cultura Castreja or Castro Culture. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] This appellation refers to the characteristic Celtic populations called ‘dùn ‘, ‘dùin ‘ or ‘don ‘ in Gaelic and that the Romans called castrae in their chronicles. [ 40 ]
Based on the Roman chronicles about the Callaeci peoples, along with the Lebor Gabála Érenn [ 41 ] narrations and the interpretation of the abundant archaeological remains throughout the northerly one-half of Portugal and Galicia, it is possible to infer that there was a matriarchal club, with a military and religious nobility credibly of the feudal type. [ citation needed ] The figures of utmost agency were the captain ( chefe tribal ), of military type and with authority in his Castro or kin, and the druid, chiefly referring to medical and religious functions that could be common to several castros. The celtic cosmology remained homogeneous due to the ability of the druids to meet in councils with the druids of other areas, which ensured the transmission of cognition and the most significant events. [ citation needed ] The foremost documentary references to Castro company are provided by chroniclers of Roman military campaigns such as Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder among others, about the sociable organization, and describing the inhabitants of these territories, the Gallaeci of Northern Portugal as : ” A group of barbarians who spend the sidereal day active and the night eating, drink and dancing under the moon. ” There were other like tribes, and foreman among them were the Lusitanians ; the core area of these people lay in inland central Portugal, while numerous other related tribes existed such as the Celtici of Alentejo, and the Cynetes or Conii of the Algarve. Among the tribes or sub-divisions were the Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi, and Zoelae. A few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements ( such as Tavira ) were besides founded in the Algarve area by Phoenicians – Carthaginians .

Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia [edit ]

Romans first invaded the iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome ‘s adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies. During the last days of Julius Caesar, about the stallion peninsula was annexed to the Roman Republic. The Roman conquest of what is now part of Portugal took about two hundred years and took many lives of young soldiers and the lives of those who were sentenced to a certain death in the slave mines when not sold as slaves to early parts of the empire. It suffered a severe reverse in 155 BC, when a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other native tribes, under the leadership of Viriathus, [ 42 ] [ 43 ] wrested dominance of all of westerly Iberia .
Rome sent numerous legions and its best generals to Lusitania to quell the rebellion, but to no avail – the Lusitanians kept conquering territory. The Roman leaders decided to change their scheme. They bribed Viriathus ‘s allies to kill him. In 139 BC, Viriathus was assassinated and Tautalus became drawing card of the Lusitanians. Rome installed a colonial government. The accomplished Romanization of Lusitania only took place in the Visigothic era. In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the condition of Roman province. Later, a northern state of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today ‘s Braga. [ 44 ] There are even many ruins of castro ( mound forts ) throughout modern Portugal and remains of the Castro culture. Some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The early, beyond being one of the largest roman settlements in Portugal, is besides classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 kilometres ( 10 miles ) from Coimbra, which in turn was the ancient Aeminium. The web site besides has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations. several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circuses, theatres and laymen ‘s homes are preserved throughout the state. Coins, some coined in portuguese land, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as numerous pieces of ceramics, were besides found. contemporary historians include Paulus Orosius ( c. 375–418 ) [ 45 ] and Hydatius ( c. 400–469 ), bishop of Aquae Flaviae, who reported on the final years of the Roman rule and arrival of the Germanic tribe .

germanic kingdoms : Suebi and Visigoths [edit ]

In the early fifth hundred, Germanic tribe, namely the Suebi [ 46 ] and the Vandals ( Silingi and Hasdingi ) together with their allies, the Sarmatians and Alans invaded the iberian Peninsula where they would form their kingdom. The Kingdom of the Suebi [ 47 ] was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the erstwhile Roman provinces of Gallaecia – Lusitania. 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements were found in Alenquer ( from previous Germanic Alan kerk, temple of the Alans ), Coimbra and Lisbon. [ 48 ] About 410 and during the sixth century it became a formally declared Kingdom of the Suebi, [ 47 ] [ 46 ] where king Hermeric made a peace treaty with the Gallaecians before passing his domains to Rechila, his son. In 448 Rechila died, leaving the department of state in expansion to Rechiar. After the defeat against the Visigoths, the Suebian kingdom was divided, with Frantan and Aguiulfo govern simultaneously. Both reigned from 456 to 457, the year in which Maldras ( 457–459 ) reunified the kingdom. He was assassinated after a fail Roman-Visigothic conspiracy. Although the conspiracy did not achieve its true purposes, the Suebian Kingdom was again divided between two kings : Frumar ( Frumario 459–463 ) and Remismund ( Remismundo, son of Maldras ) ( 459–469 ) who would re-reunify his founder ‘s kingdom in 463. He would be forced to adopt Arianism in 465 due to the Visigoth influence. By the year 500, the Visigothic Kingdom had been installed in Iberia, it was based in Toledo and advancing westwards. They became a threat to the Suebian rule. After the death of Remismund in 469 a iniquity time period set in, where virtually all written texts and accounts disappear. This time period lasted until 550. The merely thing known about this menstruation is that Theodemund ( Teodemundo ) most probably ruled the Suebians. The night period ended with the reign of Karriarico ( 550–559 ) who reinstalled Catholic Christianity in 550. He was succeeded by Theodemar ( 559–570 ) during whose reign the 1st Council of Braga ( 561 ) was held .
The councils represented an boost in the organization of the territory ( paroeciam suevorum ( Suebian parish ) and the Christianization of the pagan population ( De correctione rusticorum ) under the auspices of Saint Martin of Braga ( São Martinho de Braga ). [ 49 ] After the end of Teodomiro, Miro ( 570–583 ) was his successor. During his reign, the 2nd Council of Braga ( 572 ) was held. The Visigothic civil war began in 577. Miro intervened. Later in 583 he besides organized an abortive expedition to reconquer Seville. During the return from this fail operation Miro died. In the Suebian Kingdom many inner struggles continued to take place. Eborico ( Eurico, 583–584 ) was dethroned by Andeca ( Audeca 584–585 ), who failed to prevent the Visigothic invasion led by Leovigildo. The Visigothic invasion, completed in 585, turned the once full-bodied and fecund kingdom of the Suebi into the sixth province of the Gothic kingdom. [ 50 ] Leovigild was crowned King of Gallaecia, Hispania and Gallia Narbonensis .
For the adjacent 300 years and by the year 700, the entire iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Visigoths. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Under the Visigoths, Gallaecia was a well-defined distance governed by a doge of its own. Doges at this time were related to the monarchy and acted as princes in all matters. Both ‘governors ‘ Wamba and Wittiza ( Vitiza ) acted as doge ( they would late become kings in Toledo ). These two became known as the ‘vitizians ‘, who headquartered in the northwesterly and called on the arab invaders from the South to be their allies in the struggle for ability in 711. King Roderic ( Rodrigo ) was killed while opposing this invasion, frankincense becoming the last Visigothic baron of Iberia. From the respective Germanic groups who settled in western Iberia, the Suebi left the strongest durable cultural bequest in what is today Portugal, Galicia and western fringes of Asturias. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] According to Dan Stanislawski, the portuguese way of exist in regions North of the Tagus is largely inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the advanced city of Braga and early capital of Gallaecia, became the capital of the Suebi. [ 49 ] Apart from cultural and some linguistic traces, the Suebians left the highest germanic familial contribution of the iberian Peninsula in Portugal and Galicia. [ 59 ] [ self-published source? ] Orosius, at that time nonmigratory in Hispania, shows a preferably pacific initial liquidation, the newcomers working their lands [ 60 ] or suffice as bodyguards of the locals. [ 61 ] Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the Buri. They settled in the region between the rivers Cávado and Homem, in the sphere known as Terras de Bouro ( Lands of the Buri ). [ 62 ]

muslim period and the Reconquista [edit ]

The Caliphate of Cordoba in the early tenth century today ‘s continental Portugal, along with most of mod Spain, was contribution of al-Andalus between 726 and 1249, following the Umayyad Caliphate conquest of the iberian Peninsula. This rule lasted from some decades in the North to five centuries in the South. [ 63 ] After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding quickly in the peninsula. Beginning in 726, the bring that is now Portugal became part of the huge Umayyad Caliphate ‘s empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the indian sub-continent up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After about two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolving a hundred later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms. [ 63 ]
The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of contemporary Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a inadequate spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century late in 1147, after the second menstruation of Taifa, by the Almohads, besides from Marrakesh. [ 64 ] Al-Andaluz was divided into different districts called Kura. Gharb Al-Andalus at its largest was constituted of ten kuras, [ 65 ] each with a clear-cut capital and governor. The main cities of the menstruation in Portugal were in the southerly half of the state : Beja, Silves, Alcácer do Sal, Santarém and Lisbon. The Muslim population of the region consisted chiefly of native iberian converts to Islam ( the alleged Muwallad or Muladi ) and berbers. The Arabs were chiefly noblemen from Syria and Oman ; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elect of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Rif and Atlas mountains region of North Africa and were nomads. [ 63 ]

County of Portugal [edit ]

An Asturian Visigothic noble named Pelagius of Asturias in 718 was elected leader [ 66 ] by many of the ousted Visigoth nobles. Pelagius called for the leftover of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and regroup in the unbeaten northern Asturian highlands, better known today as the Cantabrian Mountains, in what is today the humble batch region in north-western Spain, adjacent to the Bay of Biscay. [ 67 ] Pelagius ‘ plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invade Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula ‘s Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands. In the work, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã. [ 67 ] At the end of the ninth hundred, the area of Portugal, between the rivers Minho and Douro, was reconquered from the Moors by the lord and knight Vímara Peres on the orders of King Alfonso III of Asturias. Finding that the region had previously had two major cities – Portus Cale in the slide and Braga in the inside, with many towns that were nowadays deserted – he decided to repopulate and rebuild them with Portuguese and Galician refugees and other Christians. [ 68 ] apart from the Arabs from the South, the coastal regions in the North were besides attacked by Norman and Viking [ 69 ] [ 70 ] raiders chiefly from 844. The last big invasion, through the Minho ( river ), ended with the get the better of of Olaf II Haraldsson in 1014 against the galician nobility who besides stopped far advances into the County of Portugal .
Count Vímara Peres [ 71 ] organized the area he had reconquered, and elevated it to the condition of County, naming it the County of Portugal after the region ‘s major port city – Portus Cale or modern Porto. One of the first cities Vimara Peres founded at this meter is Vimaranes, known today as Guimarães – the “ birthplace of the portuguese state ” or the “ rocker city ” ( Cidade Berço in Portuguese ). [ 68 ] After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale ( Portugal ). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália – the County of Portugal. [ 68 ] later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of christian Kingdoms in Northern Iberia due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the baron ‘s offspring. With the force abdication of Alfonso III “ the Great ” of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms. The three kingdoms were finally reunited in 924 under the crown of León. In 1093, Alfonso VI of León bestowed the county to Henry of Burgundy and married him to his illegitimate daughter, Teresa of León, for his function in reconquering the land from Moors. Henry based his newly formed county in Bracara Augusta ( modern Braga ), capital city of the ancient Roman state, and besides former capital of several kingdoms over the first millennium .

independence and Afonsine era [edit ]

On 24 June 1128, the Battle of São Mamede occurred near Guimarães. Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother Countess Teresa and her fan Fernão Peres de Trava, thereby establishing himself as lone leader. Afonso then turned his arms against the Moors in the south. Afonso ‘s campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an submerge victory in the Battle of Ourique, and straight after was unanimously proclaim King of Portugal by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal, as a fief of the Kingdom of León, was transformed into the mugwump Kingdom of Portugal. Afonso then established the first of the portuguese Cortes at Lamego, where he was crowned by the Archbishop of Braga, though the validity of the Cortes of Lamego has been disputed and called a myth created during the portuguese Restoration War. Afonso was recognized in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III .
During the Reconquista period, Christians reconquered the iberian Peninsula from Moorish domination. Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military cloistered orders, pushed south to drive out the Moors. At this time, Portugal covered about one-half of its confront area. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve and complete extrusion of the last moorish settlements on the southerly coast, giving Portugal its contemporary borders, with minor exceptions. In one of these situations of conflict with the kingdom of Castile, Dinis I of Portugal signed with the king Fernando IV of Castile ( who was represented, when a minor, by his beget the queen Maria de Molina ) the Treaty of Alcañices ( 1297 ), which stipulated that Portugal abolished agreed treaties against the kingdom of Castile for supporting the baby Juan de Castilla. This treaty established among other things the border limit between the kingdom of Portugal and the kingdom of Leon, where the challenge township of Olivenza was included. The reign of Dinis I ( Denis I ), Afonso IV ( Alphons IV ), and Pedro I ( Peter I ) for the most share saw peace with the Christian kingdoms of Iberia. In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the perch of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. [ 72 ] In 1373, Portugal made an confederation with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the universe. Over time, this went far beyond geo-political and military cooperation ( protecting both nations ‘ interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals ) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two previous european allies. In the Oporto region, in particular, there is visible english influence to this day .

Joanine era and Age of Discoveries [edit ]

In 1383, John I of Castile, conserve of Beatrice of Portugal and son-in-law of Ferdinand I of Portugal, claimed the throne of Portugal. A cabal of junior-grade noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz ( late King John I of Portugal ) and commanded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. With this battle, the House of Aviz became the rule theater of Portugal. Portugal spearheaded european exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King John I of Portugal, became the main sponsor and patron of this enterprise. During this time period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering the Atlantic archipelagos the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde ; explored the African seashore ; colonized selected areas of Africa ; discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope ; discovered Brazil, explored the indian Ocean, established trade routes throughout most of southerly Asia ; and sent the inaugural aim european maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan. In 1415, Portugal acquired the first of its abroad colonies by conquering Ceuta, the first booming Islamic trade concentrate in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic : Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements .
Throughout the fifteenth hundred, portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trade posts for several common types of tradable commodities at the clock time, ranging from gold to slaves, as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which were coveted in Europe. The Treaty of Tordesillas, intended to resolve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus, was made by Pope Alexander VI, the mediator between Portugal and Spain. It was signed on 7 June 1494, and divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two countries along a prime 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands ( off the west coast of Africa ) .
In 1498, Vasco da Gama accomplished what Columbus set out for and became the foremost european to reach India by ocean, bringing economic prosperity to Portugal and its population of 1.7 million residents, and helping to start the portuguese Renaissance. In 1500, the portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real reached what is now Canada and founded the town of Portugal Cove-St. Philip ‘s, Newfoundland and Labrador, long before the french and english in the seventeenth hundred, and being precisely one of many portuguese colonizations of the Americas. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. [ 76 ] Ten years former, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa in India, Muscat and Ormuz in the persian Strait, and Malacca, now a state in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over department of commerce in the indian Ocean and South Atlantic. portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe, landing in such places as Taiwan, Japan, the island of Timor, and in the Moluccas. Although for a farseeing period it was believed the Dutch were the inaugural Europeans to arrive in Australia, there is besides some evidence that the Portuguese may have discovered Australia in 1521. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] From 1519 to 1522, Ferdinand Magellan ( Fernão de Magalhães ) organized a spanish expedition to the East Indies which resulted in the first circumnavigation of the ball. Magellan never made it back to Europe as he was killed by natives in the Philippines in 1521. The Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529 between Portugal and Spain, specified the anti-meridian to the line of limit specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. All these factors made Portugal one of the populace ‘s major economic, military, and political powers from the fifteenth century until the recently sixteenth century .

Iberian Union, Restoration and early Brigantine era [edit ]

Areas across the world that were, at one point in their history, part of the Portuguese Empire Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union between 1580 and 1640. This occurred because the last two kings of the House of Aviz – King Sebastian, who died in the struggle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco, and his great-uncle and successor, King- Cardinal Henry of Portugal – both died without heirs, resulting in the portuguese succession crisis of 1580. subsequently, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne and was accepted as Philip I of Portugal. Portugal did not lose its conventional independence, briefly forming a union of kingdoms. At this fourth dimension Spain was a geographic territory. [ 80 ] The join of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an mugwump foreign policy and led to its involvement in the Eighty Years ‘ War between Spain and the Netherlands. War led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal ‘s oldest ally, England, and the loss of Hormuz, a strategic trade post located between Iran and Oman. From 1595 to 1663 the Dutch-Portuguese War primarily involved the dutch companies invading many portuguese colonies and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of the Portuguese Indian sea craft monopoly. In 1640, John IV of Portugal spearheaded an get up backed by disgruntle nobles and was proclaimed king. The portuguese Restoration War ended the sixty-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg. This was the begin of the House of Braganza, which reigned in Portugal until 1910 .
King John IV ‘s eldest son came to reign as Afonso VI, however his forcible and mental disabilities left him overpowered by Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor. In a palace coup organized by the King ‘s wife, Maria Francisca of Savoy, and his brother, Pedro, Duke of Beja, King Afonso VI was declared mentally incompetent and exiled first to the Azores and then to the Royal Palace of Sintra, away Lisbon. After Afonso ‘s death, Pedro came to the toilet as King Pedro II. Pedro ‘s reign saw the consolidation of national independence, imperial expansion, and investment in domestic output. Pedro II ‘s son, John V, saw a reign characterized by the inflow of gold into the coffers of the royal treasury, supplied largely by the royal fifth ( a tax on cherished metals ) that was received from the portuguese colonies of Brazil and Maranhão. Disregarding traditional portuguese institutions of government, John V acted as an absolute monarch, closely depleting the state ‘s tax revenues on ambitious architectural works, most notably Mafra Palace, and on commissions and additions for his goodly art and literary collections. Owing to his craving for international diplomatic recognition, John besides spent large sums on the embassies he sent to the courts of Europe, the most celebrated being those he sent to Paris in 1715 and Rome in 1716. official estimates – and most estimates made so far – place the number of portuguese migrants to Colonial Brazil during the amber bang of the eighteenth century at 600,000. [ 81 ] This represented one of the largest movements of european populations to their colonies in the Americas during colonial times .

Pombaline era and enlightenment [edit ]

In 1738, fidalgo Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo ( by and by ennobled as the 1st Marquis of Pombal ) began a diplomatic career as the portuguese Ambassador in London and late in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, was fond of Carvalho e Melo ; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widow Carvalho einsteinium Melo ‘s second marriage to the daughter of the austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V, however, was not please and recalled Carvalho einsteinium Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of Carvalho vitamin e Melo, and with the Queen Mother ‘s approval, he appointed Carvalho east Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King ‘s confidence in Carvalho e Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control condition of the country. By 1755, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by british economic success that he had witnessed from his time as an Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in mainland Portugal and in the portuguese colonies in India, reorganized the army and the navy, restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended legal discrimination against different christian sects in Portugal by abolishing the distinction between Old and New Christians. Carvalho e Melo ‘s greatest reforms were economic and fiscal, with the universe of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial bodily process. He created one of the first appellation systems in the earth by demarcating the region for production of Port to ensure the wine ‘s quality ; and this was the beginning undertake to control wine choice and production in Europe. He ruled with a potent hand by imposing nonindulgent law upon all classes of portuguese company from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a far-flung review of the country ‘s tax arrangement. These reforms gained him enemies in the amphetamine classes, particularly among the high nobility, who despised him as a sociable kip .
disaster fell upon Portugal in the good morning of 1 November 1755, when Lisbon was struck by a crimson earthquake with an estimated here and now magnitude of 8.5–9. The city was razed to the grate by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami and ensuing fires. [ 82 ] Carvalho e Melo survived by a stroke of luck and then immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his celebrated quote : “ What now ? We bury the dead and take care of the living. ” Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one class was already being rebuilt. The newfangled city center of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by having troops march around the models. The buildings and boastfully squares of the Pombaline Downtown still remain as one of Lisbon ‘s tourist attractions. Carvalho e Melo besides made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing a detail inquiry on the effects of the earthquake, the Parochial Memories of 1758, that was sent to every parish in the area ; this wealth of information allows modern scientists to reconstruct the event with some degree of scientific preciseness. Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister flush more might, and Carvalho de Melo became a knock-down, progressive dictator. As his ability grew, his enemies increased in number, and acrimonious disputes with the upper nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and summarily executed after a quick test. The trace year, the Jesuits were suppressed and expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Carvalho e Melo spared none involved, even women and children ( notably, 8-year-old Leonor de Almeida Portugal, imprisoned in a convent for nineteen years ). This was the final solidus that crushed all resistance by publicly demonstrating flush the nobility was powerless before the King ‘s patriotic minister. Joseph I ennobled Carvalho einsteinium Melo as Count of Oeiras in 1759. In 1762, Spain invaded portuguese district as part of the Seven Years ‘ War, but by 1763 the status quo between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored. Following the Távora affair, the fresh Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Further titled “ Marquês de Pombal ” in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I ‘s death in 1777. The modern ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked the Marquês de Pombal because of the power he amassed, and never forgave him for the cruelty with which he dispatched the Távora family, and upon her accession to the toilet, she withdrew all his political offices. The Marquês de Pombal was banished to his estate at Pombal, where he died in 1782. however, historians besides argue that Pombal ‘s “ enlightenment, ” while far-reaching, was chiefly a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and particularly an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as intensifying book censoring and consolidating personal operate and profit. [ 83 ]

Napoleonic era [edit ]

With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but grim decay that lasted until the twentieth hundred. This decline was hastened by the independence of Brazil, the country ‘s largest colonial possession. In the fall of 1807, Napoleon moved french troops through Spain to invade Portugal. From 1807 to 1811, British-Portuguese forces would successfully fight against the french invasion of Portugal in the Peninsular War, during which the royal syndicate and the Portuguese nobility, including Maria I, relocated to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, at that time a colony of the Portuguese Empire, in South America. This episode is known as the transfer of the portuguese Court to Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon ‘s army closed in on Lisbon, João VI of Portugal, the Prince Regent, transferred his woo to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental submit, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves .
As a resultant role of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal kin, brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. portuguese and their allied british troops fought against the french Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the site in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. however, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821. therefore he returned to Portugal but left his son Pedro in charge of Brazil. When the portuguese Government attempted the play along class to return the Kingdom of Brazil to subordinate condition, his son Pedro, with the submerge support of the brazilian elites, declared Brazil ‘s independence from Portugal. Cisplatina ( nowadays ‘s sovereign country of Uruguay ), in the south, was one of the final additions to the territory of Brazil under Portuguese rule. brazilian independence was recognized in 1825, whereby Emperor Pedro I granted to his don the titular honor of Emperor of Brazil. John VI ‘s death in 1826 caused serious questions in his sequence. Though Pedro was his heir, and reigned briefly as Pedro IV, his condition as a brazilian monarch was seen as an obstruction to holding the Portuguese enthrone by both nations. Pedro abdicated in privilege of his daughter, Maria II ( Mary II ). however, Pedro ‘s buddy, Infante Miguel, claimed the enthrone in protest. After a marriage proposal for Miguel and Maria to marry fail, Miguel seized ability as King Miguel I, in 1828. In ordain to defend his daughter ‘s rights to the throne, Pedro launched the Liberal Wars to reinstall his daughter and establish a built-in monarchy in Portugal. The war ended in 1834, with Miguel ‘s kill, the proclamation of a fundamental law, and the reinstatement of Queen Maria II .

Constitutional monarchy [edit ]

Queen Maria II ( Mary II ) and King Ferdinand II ‘s son, King Pedro V ( Peter V ) modernized the state during his short reign ( 1853–1861 ). Under his reign, roads, cable, and railways were constructed and improvements in public health advanced. His popularity increased when, during the cholera outbreak of 1853–1856, he visited hospitals handing out gifts and comforting the sick. Pedro ‘s reign was short, as he died of cholera in 1861, after a series of deaths in the royal family, including his two brothers Infante Fernando and Infante João, Duke of Beja, and his wife, Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Pedro not having children, his buddy, Luís I of Portugal ( Louis I ) ascended the toilet and continued his modernization. At the altitude of european colonialism in the nineteenth hundred, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. Luanda, Benguela, Bissau, Lourenço Marques, Porto Amboim and the Island of Mozambique were among the oldest Portuguese-founded port cities in its african territories. During this phase, portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other european powers there. With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, portuguese territories in Africa had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in arrange to protect the centuries-long portuguese interests in the celibate from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. portuguese towns and cities in Africa like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were besides founded. even before the turn of the twentieth century, railroad track tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions. other episodes during this menstruation of the portuguese presence in Africa include the 1890 british Ultimatum. This forced the portuguese military to retreat from the estate between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola ( most of contemporary Zimbabwe and Zambia ), which had been claimed by Portugal and included in its “ Pink Map “, which clashed with british aspirations to create a Cape to Cairo Railway. The portuguese territories in Africa were Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese Guinea, Angola, and Mozambique. The bantam fortress of São João Baptista de Ajudá on the slide of Dahomey, was besides under portuguese govern. In addition, Portugal still ruled the asian territories of portuguese India, Portuguese Timor and Portuguese Macau. On 1 February 1908, King Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his successor apparent and his eldest son, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were assassinated in Lisbon in the Terreiro do Paço by two portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, Alfredo Luís district attorney Costa and Manuel Buíça. Under his rule, Portugal had been declared bankrupt doubly – first on 14 June 1892, and then again on 10 May 1902 – causing social convulsion, economic disturbances, angry protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. His second and youngest son, Manuel II of Portugal, became the new king, but was finally overthrown by the 5 October 1910 portuguese republican revolution, which abolished the monarchy and installed a republican government in Portugal, causing him and his royal family to flee into exile in London, England .

First Republic and Estado Novo [edit ]

The new republic had many problems. Portugal had 45 different governments in merely 15 years. During World War 1 ( 1914–1918 ), Portugal helped the Allies fight the Central Powers. But the war hurt its weak economy. political instability and economic weaknesses were fat earth for chaos and unrest during the First Portuguese Republic. These conditions would lead to the fail Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d’état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship ( Ditadura Nacional ). This in turn led to the administration of the rightist dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal remained achromatic in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a initiation member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ). Gradually, new economic growth projects and resettlement of mainland Portuguese citizens into the abroad provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest abroad territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal ‘s condition as a transcontinental state and not as a colonial empire. After India attained independence in 1947, pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the documentation of the amerind government and the avail of pro-independence organizations, separated the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese predominate in 1954. [ 84 ] In 1961, Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá ‘s annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the begin of a process that led to the concluding dissolving of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire .
According to the census of 1921 São João Baptista de Ajudá had 5 inhabitants and, at the here and now of the ultimatum by the Dahomey Government, it had entirely 2 inhabitants representing portuguese Sovereignty. Another forcible retreat from oversea territories occurred in December 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu in India. As a result, the portuguese army and dark blue were involved in arm conflict in its colony of portuguese India against the indian Armed Forces. The operations resulted in the defeat and surrender of the limited Portuguese defensive garrison, which was forced to surrender to a much larger military force. The consequence was the loss of the remaining portuguese territories in the indian subcontinent. The portuguese government refused to recognize amerind sovereignty over the annex territories, which continued to be represented in Portugal ‘s National Assembly until the military coup d’etat of 1974. besides in the early on 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese oversea provinces of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea in Africa, resulted in the portuguese Colonial War ( 1961–1974 ). Throughout the colonial war period Portugal had to deal with increasing protest, arms embargoes and early punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. however, the authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo government, first installed and governed by António de Oliveira Salazar and from 1968 onwards led by Marcelo Caetano, tried to preserve a huge centuries-long intercontinental empire with a sum area of 2,168,071 km2. [ 85 ]

Carnation Revolution and european integration [edit ]

The portuguese government and united states army resisted the decolonization of its abroad territories until April 1974, when a bloodless leftist military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the abroad territories in Africa and Asia, a well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC ( Processo Revolucionário Em Curso ). This period was characterized by social tumult and power disputes between left- and rightist political forces. By the summer of 1975, the tension between these was thus high, that the country was on the brink of civil war. The forces connected to the extreme point leftist launched a far coup d’état on 25 November but the Group of Nine, a centrist military faction, immediately initiated a counter-coup. The main episode of this confrontation was the successful attack on the barracks of the leftist overshadow military Police Regiment by the control forces of the Commando Regiment, resulting in three soldiers killed in legal action. The Group of Nine emerged victorious, therefore preventing the establishment of a communist state of matter in Portugal and ending the period of political instability in the country. The retirement from the abroad territories and the toleration of its independence terms by portuguese point representatives for abroad negotiations, which would create autonomous states in 1975, prompted a batch exodus of portuguese citizens from Portugal ‘s african territories ( by and large from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique ). [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Over one million portuguese refugees fled the early Portuguese provinces as white settlers were normally not considered separate of the new identities of the erstwhile Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia. Mário Soares and António de Almeida Santos were charged with organizing the independence of Portugal ‘s overseas territories. By 1975, all the portuguese african territories were independent and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years. Portugal continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party ( PS ) and Mário Soares, its drawing card, became Prime Minister of the 1st constituent Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic increase and growth phonograph record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the former government. He initiated the work of accession to the european Economic Community ( EEC ) by starting accession negotiations ampere early on as 1977 .
After the transition to democracy, Portugal bounced between socialism and attachment to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced ; the portuguese Constitution ( approved in 1976 ) was rewritten in arrange to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal ‘s economic position after the rotation obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) -monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85. In 1986, Portugal, along with Spain, joined the european Economic Community ( EEC ) that subsequently became the European Union ( EU ). In the following years Portugal ‘s economy progressed well as a result of EEC/EU geomorphologic and cohesion funds and portuguese companies ‘ easier access to foreign markets. Portugal ‘s last oversea and asian colonial district, Macau, was peacefully handed over to the People ‘s Republic of China ( PRC ) on 20 December 1999, under the 1987 joint declaration that set the terms for Macau ‘s handover from Portugal to the PRC. In 2002, the independence of East Timor ( Asia ) was formally recognized by Portugal, after an incomplete decolonization process that was started in 1975 because of the Carnation Revolution, but interrupted by an indonesian armed invasion and occupation .
On 26 March 1995, Portugal started to implement Schengen Area rules, eliminating surround controls with early Schengen members while simultaneously strengthening surround controls with non-member states. In 1996 the country was a co-founder of the Community of portuguese Language Countries ( CPLP ) headquartered in Lisbon. In 1996, Jorge Sampaio became president of the united states. He won re-election in January 2001. Expo ’98 took rate in Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the initiation countries of the euro and the eurozone. On 5 July 2004, José Manuel Barroso, then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of the european Commission, the most mighty agency in the European Union. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, after it had been signed by the European Union extremity states on 13 December 2007 in the Jerónimos Monastery, in Lisbon, enhancing the efficiency and democratic authenticity of the Union and improving the coherence of its legal action. Ireland was the entirely EU department of state to hold a democratic referendum on the Lisbon Treaty. It was initially rejected by voters in 2008. economic disturbance and an unsustainable increase in government debt during the fiscal crisis of 2007–2008 led the area to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF and the European Union, through the european Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) and the european Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ), a lend to help the country stabilize its finances .

geography [edit ]

Topography and presidency. The territory of Portugal includes an area on the iberian Peninsula ( referred to as the continent by most portuguese ) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean : the archipelago of Madeira and the Azores. It lies between latitudes 30° and 42° N, and longitudes 32° and 6° W. Mainland Portugal is split by its main river, the Tagus, that flows from Spain and disgorges in the Tagus Estuary, in Lisbon, before escaping into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is cragged towards the home with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south, including the Algarve and the Alentejo regions, is characterized by rolling plains. [ 88 ] Portugal ‘s highest vertex is the similarly named Mount Pico on the island of Pico in the Azores. This ancient vent, which measures 2,351 megabyte ( 7,713 foot ) is an iconic symbol of the Azores, while the Serra district attorney Estrela on the mainland ( the summit being 1,991 megabyte ( 6,532 foot ) above sea grade ) is an crucial seasonal drawing card for skiers and winter sports enthusiasts. The archipelago of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean : the Azores straddling the middle atlantic Ridge on a tectonic ternary junction, and Madeira along a image formed by in-plate hot spot geology. Geologically, these islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The final terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 ( Capelinhos ) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically, normally of low intensity. Portugal ‘s exclusive economic zone, a ocean zone over which the Portuguese have especial rights over the exploration and use of nautical resources, has 1,727,408 km2. This is the 3rd largest single economic partition of the European Union and the 20th largest in the global. [ 89 ]

climate [edit ]

Köppen climate classification map of continental Portugal Portugal is chiefly characterized by a Mediterranean climate ( Csa in the South, central interior, and the Douro river valley ; Csb in the North, Central west and Vicentine Coast ), [ 90 ] temperate nautical climate ( Cfb ) in the mainland north-western highlands and mountains, and in some high altitude zones of the Azorean islands ; a semi-arid climate in sealed parts of the Beja District far south ( BSk ) and in Porto Santo Island ( BSh ), a warm defect climate ( BWh ) in the Selvagens Islands and a humid subtropical climate in the western Azores ( Cfa ), according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification. It is one of the warmest countries in Europe : the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 10–12 °C ( 50.0–53.6 °F ) in the cragged interior north to 16–18 °C ( 60.8–64.4 °F ) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. There are however, variations from the highlands to the lowlands : spanish biologist Salvador Rivas Martinez presents several different bioclimatic zones for Portugal. [ 91 ] The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres ( 3,000 foot ) in Alto district attorney Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southerly coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia. annual average rain in the mainland varies from just over 3,200 mm ( 126.0 in ) on the Peneda-Gerês National Park to less than 500 millimeter ( 19.7 in ) in southern parts of Alentejo. Mount Pico is recognized as receiving the largest annual rain ( over 6,250 mm ( 246.1 in ) per year ) in Portugal, according to Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual diurnal average temperatures can be a high as 26 °C ( 79 °F ), and summer ‘s highest temperatures are routinely over 40 °C ( 104 °F ). The record high of 47.4 °C ( 117.3 °F ) was recorded in Amareleja, although this might not be the hottest spot in summer, according to satellite readings. [ 92 ] [ 93 ]
The Marinha Beach in Lagoa Algarve is considered by the Michelin Guide as one of the 10 most beautiful beaches in Europe and as one of the 100 most beautiful beaches in the global. Snowfalls occur regularly in the winter in the interior North and Centre of the country in districts such as Guarda, Bragança, Viseu and Vila Real, particularly on the mountains. In winter, temperatures may drop below −10.0 °C ( 14.0 °F ), particularly in Serra district attorney Estrela, Serra do Gerês, Serra do Marão and Serra de Montesinho. In these places snow can fall any time from October to May. In the South of the area snowfalls are rare but even occur in the highest elevations. While the official absolute minimum by IPMA is −16.0 °C ( 3.2 °F ) in Penhas district attorney Saúde and Miranda do Douro, lower temperatures have been recorded, such as −17.5 °C ( 0.5 °F ) by Bragança Polytechnic Institute in the outskirts of the city in 1983, and below −20.0 °C ( −4.0 °F ) in Serra district attorney Estrela. Continental Portugal has about 2300 to 3200 hours of cheerfulness a year, an average of 4–6 hydrogen in winter and 10–12 heat content in the summer, with higher values in the southeast, southwest and the Algarve coast and lower in the northwest. insolation values are lower in the archipelago, with around 1600 planck’s constant in the humid Flores Island and around 2300 hydrogen in the island of Madeira and Porto Santo. insolation in the Selvagens is thought to be higher due to weaker orographic lift and their relative proximity to the Sahara Desert. Portugal ‘s central west and southwest coasts have an extreme point ocean seasonal lag, ocean temperatures are warmer in October than in July and are their cold in March. The average sea surface temperature on the west coast of mainland Portugal varies from 14–16 °C ( 57.2–60.8 °F ) in January−March to 19–21 °C ( 66.2–69.8 °F ) in August−October while on the south slide it ranges from 16 °C ( 60.8 °F ) in January−March and rises in the summer to about 22–23 °C ( 71.6–73.4 °F ), occasionally reaching 26 °C ( 78.8 °F ). [ 94 ] In the Azores, around 16 °C ( 60.8 °F ) in February−April to 22–24 °C ( 71.6–75.2 °F ) in July−September, [ 95 ] and in Madeira, around 18 °C ( 64.4 °F ) in February−April to 23–24 °C ( 73.4–75.2 °F ) in August−October. [ 96 ] Both the archipelago of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making upwind predictions very difficult ( owing to rough topography ). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C ( 68 °F ) in some parts of the slide ( according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute ). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. consequently, the islands of the Azores have been identified as having a mediterranean climate ( both Csa and Csb types ), while some islands ( such as Flores or Corvo ) are classified as Humid subtropical ( Cfa ), transitioning into an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) at higher altitudes, according to Köppen-Geiger classification. Porto Santo Island in Madeira has a ardent semi-arid climate ( BSh ). The Savage Islands, which are function of the regional district of Madeira and a nature substitute are unique in being classified as a desert climate ( BWh ) with an annual modal rain of approximately 150 mm ( 5.9 in ). The sea open temperature in these islands varies from 18.5 °C ( 65.3 °F ) in winter to 23–24 °C ( 73.4–75.2 °F ) in the summer occasionally reaching 25 °C ( 77.0 °F ). [ citation needed ]

biodiversity [edit ]

Peneda-Gerês National Park is the only nationally designated park in Portugal, owing to the rarity and significance of its environment. Portugal is located on the Mediterranean Basin, the third most divers hot spot of flora in the world. [ 97 ] due to its geographic and climatic context – between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic – Portugal has a senior high school flat of biodiversity on farming and at sea. It is home to six terrestrial ecoregions : Azores temperate mix forests, Cantabrian shuffle forests, Madeira evergreen forests, Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests, Northwest Iberian montane forests, and Southwest iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and assorted forests. [ 98 ] Over 22 % of its land sphere is included in the Natura 2000 network, including 62 special conservation areas and 88 types of protected landscape natural habitats. [ 99 ] [ 97 ] Eucalyptus, cork oak and maritime ache together make up 71 % of the entire afforest area of continental Portugal, followed by the holm oak, the gem ache, the other oak trees ( Q. robur, Q. faginea and Q. pyrenaica ) and the sweet chestnut, respectively. [ 100 ] On Madeira, laurisilva ( recognized as a World Heritage Site ) dominates the landscape, particularly on the northerly slope. The overriding species in this afforest include Laurus novocanariensis, Apollonias barbujana, Ocotea foetens and Persea indica. Before human occupation the Azores were besides full-bodied in dense laurisilva forests, today these native forests are undermined by the introduce Pittosporum undulatum and Cryptomeria japonica. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] There have been several projects aimed to recover the Laurisilva award in the Azores. [ 103 ] Remnants of these laurisilva forests are besides stage in continental Portugal with its few populate testimonies Laurus nobilis, Prunus lusitanica, Arbutus unedo, Myrica faya and Rhododendron ponticum. [ 104 ] These geographic and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of alien species that late turn to be incursive and destructive to the native habitats. More than 20 % of the sum phone number of extant species in continental Portugal are exotic. [ 105 ] On Madeira, around 36 % [ 106 ] and on the Azores, around 70 % are exotic. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] due to this, Portugal was placed 168th globally out of 172 countries on the Forest Landscape Integrity Index in 2019. [ 109 ]
Portugal is the second area in Europe with the highest number of threaten species ( 488 as of 2020 ). [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Portugal as a wholly is an crucial stop for migratory bird species : the marshes of the eastern Algarve ( Ria Formosa, Castro Marim ) and the Lisbon Region ( Tagus Estuary, Sado Estuary ) hosting diverse aquatic bird species, the Bonelli ‘s eagle and egyptian vulture on the valley of the Douro International, the total darkness stork and griffon vulture on the Tagus International, the seabird sanctuaries of the Savage Islands and Berlengas and the highlands of Madeira and São Miguel all represent the great diverseness of violent avian species ( around 450 in continental Portugal ), not only migratory but besides endemic ( e.g. trocaz pigeon, Azores bullfinch ) or exotic ( cap myna, pin-tailed whydah ). [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The big mammal species of Portugal ( the fallow deer, red deer, roe deer, iberian ibex, godforsaken boar, crimson fox, iberian beast and Iberian lynx ) were once far-flung throughout the area, but intense hunt, habitat abasement and growing press from agribusiness and livestock reduced population numbers on a large plate in the 19th and early twentieth century, others, such as the portuguese ibex were evening led to extinction. today, these animals are re-expanding their native roll. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Smaller mammals include the loss squirrel, european tease, eurasian otter, egyptian mongoose, Granada rabbit, european rabbit, common genet, european wildcat, among others. [ 115 ] due to their isolate localization, the volcanic islands of the Azores, Madeira and Salvages, contribution of Macaronesia, have many endemic species that have evolved independently from their european, african and occasionally american relatives. The portuguese west slide is separate of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems of the ocean. This seasonal upwelling system typically seen during the summer months brings cooler, food rich water up to the sea come on promoting phytoplankton growth, zooplankton development and the subsequent ample diversity in oceanic fish and other marine invertebrates. [ 116 ]
This, adding to its boastfully EEZ makes Portugal one of the largest pisces consumers in the world per head. [ 117 ] Sardines ( Sardina pilchardus ) and cavalry mackerel ( Trachurus trachurus ) are collected in the thousands every year. [ 118 ] while bluing whiting, monkfish, Atlantic c, cephalopods, skates or any early shape of seafood are traditionally fished in the local coastal villages. [ 119 ] This upwelling besides allows Portugal to have kelp forests which are otherwise identical rare or non-existent on the Mediterranean. [ 120 ] 73 % of the fresh water pisces happen in the iberian Peninsula are endemic, the largest out of any region in Europe. [ 121 ] Many of these autochthonal species are concentrated in bodies of urine of the central western region ( one entirely endemic ), these and other bodies of water throughout the Peninsula are by and large irregular and prone to drought every year, placing most of these species under Threatened condition. [ 122 ] Around 24 [ 123 ] to 28 [ 124 ] species of cetacean roll through the Azores, making it one of four places in the populace where most species of this infraorder occur. [ 123 ] Starting in the mid-19th hundred and end in 1984, whaling ( particularly of sperm whale ) heavily exploited this diverseness. Beginning in the early 90s, whale watching quickly grew to popularity and is nowadays one of the main economic activities in the Portuguese archipelago. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Some protected areas in Portugal early than the ones previously mentioned include : the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros with its limestone formations, paleontological history and great diverseness in bats and orchids, [ 127 ] the Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park with its good preserved, raving mad coastline. [ 128 ] the Montesinho Natural Park which hosts some of the only populations of iberian wolf and a recently sighted iberian brown hold, [ 129 ] considered to be extinct in the country ; among others .

Government and politics [edit ]

Portugal has been a semi-presidential representative democratic republic since the ratification of the Constitution of 1976, with Lisbon, the state ‘s largest city, as its capital. [ 130 ] The Constitution grants the division or separation of powers among four bodies referred as “ organs of Sovereignty ” : the President of the Republic, the Government, the Assembly of the Republic and the Courts. [ 131 ] The President, who is elected to a five-year condition, has an administrator character : the current President is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. The assembly of the Republic is a single chamber fantan composed of a maximal of 230 deputies elected for a four-year terminus. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister ( presently António Costa ) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into respective levels, among the discriminative, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws. Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The fabrication of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in summation to the Unitary democratic Coalition ( Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party “ The Greens ” ), the Left Bloc and the democratic and Social Centre – People ‘s Party, which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly .

presidency of the Republic [edit ]

The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, cosmopolitan right to vote. presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government ( where the President takes into history the results of legislative elections ) ; dismissing the Prime Minister ; dissolving the assembly of the Republic ( to call early elections ) ; vetoing legislation ( which may be overridden by the Assembly ) ; and declaring a state of war or siege. The President has besides supervisory and reserve powers and is the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President is advised on issues of importance by the Council of State, which is composed of six senior civilian officers, any early Presidents elected under the 1976 Constitution, five-members chosen by the Assembly, and five selected by the president .

government [edit ]

The Government is headed by the presidentially appointed Prime Minister, besides including one or more deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers, Secretaries of State and Under-Secretaries of State. The Government is both the harmonium of sovereignty that conducts the general politics of the country and the superior body of the public presidency. It has basically Executive powers, but has besides limited legislative powers. The Government can legislate about its own organization, about areas covered by legislative authorizations conceded by the Assembly of the Republic and about the specific regulation of renaissance man laws issued by the Assembly. The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister ( or the President of Portugal at the latter ‘s request ) and the Ministers ( may besides include one or more deputy Prime Ministers ) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the across-the-board outline of its policies in a program, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatary period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the politics program by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in function .

fantan [edit ]

The Assembly of the Republic, in Lisbon, is the home parliament of Portugal. It is the main legislative consistency, although the Government besides has limited legislative powers. The Assembly of the Republic is a unicameral body composed of up to 230 deputies. Elected by universal right to vote according to a system of closed party-list proportional representation, deputies serve four-year terms of agency, unless the President dissolves the Assembly and calls for newly elections. presently the Government ( PS ) and the parties supporting it through a confidence-and-supply agreement ( BE, PCP, PEV ) control parliament with the most seats. The PSD and CDS-PP parties form the enemy to the government alongside PAN, Chega, Iniciativa Liberal and Partido Livre .

extraneous relations [edit ]

A member submit of the United Nations since 1955, Portugal is besides a establish member of NATO ( 1949 ), OECD ( 1961 ) and EFTA ( 1960 ) ; it left the last in 1986 to join the european Economic Community, which became the European Union in 1993. In 1996, Portugal co-founded the Community of portuguese Language Countries ( CPLP ), besides known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official terminology. The ball-shaped headquarter of the CPLP is in Penafiel Palace, in Lisbon. António Guterres, who has served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 and UN High Commissioner for Refugees from 2005 to 2015, assumed the military post of UN Secretary-General on 1 January 2017 ; making him the beginning Secretary-General from Western Europe since Kurt Waldheim of Austria ( 1972–1981 ), the first former read/write head of government to become Secretary-General and the first Secretary-General bear after the establishment of the United Nations on 26 June 1945. In addition, Portugal was a full penis of the Latin Union ( 1983 ) and the Organization of Ibero-American States ( 1949 ). It has a friendship alliance and dual citizenship treaty with its erstwhile colony, Brazil. Portugal and the United Kingdom contribution the world ‘s oldest active military accord through their Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ( Treaty of Windsor ), which was signed in 1373. There are two external territorial disputes, both with Spain :

• Olivenza. Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivenza was ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Badajoz in 1801, after the War of the Oranges. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the Treaty of Vienna. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory theirs not only de facto but also de jure.[132]
• The Ilhas Selvagens (Savage Islands). The archipelago is under Portuguese domination but is geographically closer to the Canary Islands (165 km) than to Madeira (280 km). Found in 1364 by Italian navigators, the islands belonged to private owners until 1971, when the Portuguese government bought them and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago. The islands have been claimed by Spain since 1911 and the dispute has caused some periods of political tension between the two countries. The main problem is not so much their intrinsic value but the fact that they expand the Exclusive Economic Zone of Portugal considerably to the south.[133]

military [edit ]

The armed forces have three branches : Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense effect whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanist aid and security at dwelling and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. portuguese military consumption in 2009 was 5 billion US $, [ 134 ] representing 2.1 per cent of GDP. military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years. The Army ( 21,000 personnel ) comprises three brigades and other little units. An infantry brigade ( chiefly equipped with Pandur II APC ), a mechanize brigade ( chiefly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC ) and a rapid Reaction Brigade ( consisting of paratroopers, commando and rangers ). The Navy ( 10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines ), the worldly concern ‘s oldest surviving naval force, has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and aide vessels. The Air Force ( 7,500 personnel ) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon as the main battle aircraft. In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a security power discipline to military law and arrangement ( gendarmerie ) comprising 25,000 personnel. This power is under the agency of both the Defense and the Interior Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in external operations in Iraq and East Timor. The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in the Azores. The Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon ( JFC Lisbon ) – one of the three main subdivisions of NATO ‘s Allied Command Operations – it is based in Oeiras, near Lisbon. In the twentieth century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts : World War I and the portuguese Colonial War ( 1961–1974 ). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq ( Nasiriyah ), Lebanon, Mali [ 135 ] and central African Republic. [ 136 ] Portugal besides conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and alien citizens threatened by local civil conflicts .

police [edit ]

Lisbon ‘s Campus of Justice The Portuguese legal system is character of the civil law legal system, besides called the continental class legal system. The main laws include the Constitution ( 1976, as amended ), the Portuguese Civil Code ( 1966, as amended ) and the Penal Code of Portugal ( 1982, as amended ). early relevant laws are the Commercial Code ( 1888, as amended ) and the Civil Procedure Code ( 1961, as amended ). The supreme national courts are the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court. The Public Ministry, headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent consistency of public prosecutors. portuguese laws were applied in the erstwhile colonies and territories and continue to be major influences for those countries. Portugal was the first area in the global to abolish biography imprisonment ( in 1884 ) and was one of the first countries to abolish the death penalty. Maximum jail sentences are limited to 25 years. Portugal is besides known for having decriminalized the usage of all park drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do sol. Portugal decriminalized possession of efficaciously all drugs that are still illegal in other explicate nations including cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and self-control of more than “ 10 days worth of personal habit ” are still penal by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the option to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other european nations, who stated Portugal ‘s drug pulmonary tuberculosis would enormously increase, overall drug consumption has declined along with the numeral of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percentage by 2009. Drug function among 16- to 18-year-olds besides declined, however the use of marijuana rose alone slenderly among that senesce group. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] LGBTI rights have increased substantially in the past years. On 27 August 2003, Portugal added the anti-discrimination employment law on the footing of intimate predilection. [ 140 ] At 24 July 2004, intimate orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics. [ 141 ] On 31 May 2010, Portugal became the sixth area in Europe and the eighth nation in the populace to legally recognize same-sex marriage at the national level. The law came into force on 5 June 2010. [ 142 ] Same-sex adoption has been allowed since 1 March 2016 [ 143 ] as is female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction since 13 May 2016. [ 144 ] This poster was adopted by the Parliament and signed by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] As of January 2017 the New Law of Gender Identity, [ 148 ] simplified the legal process of sex and name change for transgender people, making it easier for minors to change their sex marker in legal documents. [ 149 ] At August 2018, the correctly to gender identity and gender formula self-government became protected, hermaphrodite minors became protected by law from unnecessary medical procedures “ until the minor sex identity manifests ” and the justly of protection from discrimination on the footing of arouse characteristics besides became protected by the lapp law. [ 150 ]

law enforcement [edit ]

Portugal ‘s chief police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR ( National Republican Guard ), a gendarmerie ; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP ( Public Security Police ), a civilian patrol coerce who work in urban areas ; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ ( Judicial Police ), a highly specialize criminal probe patrol that is oversee by the Public Ministry .

Correctional services [edit ]

Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total carry by the Ministry of Justice. They include 17 cardinal prisons, 4 especial prisons, 27 regional prisons, and 1 ‘Cadeia de Apoio ‘ ( Support Detention Centre ). [ 151 ] As of 1 January 2021, their current prison population is about 11,234 inmates, which comes to about 0.11 % of their stallion population. [ 152 ] Their captivity rate has been on the upgrade since 2010, with a 15 % increase over the by eight years. [ 152 ]

administrative divisions [edit ]

administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities ( portuguese : municípios or concelhos ), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes ( portuguese : freguesia ). operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the lone legally local anesthetic administrative units identified by the government of Portugal ( for exercise, cities, towns or villages have no standing in jurisprudence, although may be used as catchment for the define services ). For statistical purposes the portuguese government besides identifies Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ), inter-municipal communities and informally, the zone system, used until european integration ( and being phased-out by the national government ). [ original research? ] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelago of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions ; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal ( portuguese : Portugal Continental ) and the autonomous regions of Portugal ( Azores and Madeira ). The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are : Aveiro, Beja, Braga, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisbon, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real and Viseu – each district takes the name of the zone capital. Within the European Union NUTS system, Portugal is divided into seven regions : the Azores, Alentejo, Algarve, Centro, Lisboa, Madeira and Norte, and with the exception of the Azores and Madeira, NUTS areas are subdivided into 28 subregions .

Districts[3]
	District	Area	Population			District	Area	Population
1	Lisbon	2,761 km2 (1,066 sq mi)	2,275,591		10	Guarda	5,518 km2 (2,131 sq mi)	143,019
2	Leiria	3,517 km2 (1,358 sq mi)	458,679		11	Coimbra	3,947 km2 (1,524 sq mi)	408,631
3	Santarém	6,747 km2 (2,605 sq mi)	425,431		12	Aveiro	2,808 km2 (1,084 sq mi)	700,964
4	Setúbal	5,064 km2 (1,955 sq mi)	875,656		13	Viseu	5,007 km2 (1,933 sq mi)	351,592
5	Beja	10,225 km2 (3,948 sq mi)	144,410		14	Bragança	6,608 km2 (2,551 sq mi)	122,833
6	Faro	4,960 km2 (1,915 sq mi)	467,495		15	Vila Real	4,328 km2 (1,671 sq mi)	185,878
7	Évora	7,393 km2 (2,854 sq mi)	152,436		16	Porto	2,395 km2 (925 sq mi)	1,786,656
8	Portalegre	6,065 km2 (2,342 sq mi)	104,989		17	Braga	2,673 km2 (1,032 sq mi)	846,515
9	Castelo Branco	6,675 km2 (2,577 sq mi)	177,912		18	Viana do Castelo	2,255 km2 (871 sq mi)	231,488

Autonomous Regions
Autonomous Region	Area	Population
Azores Autonomous Region	2,333 km2 (901 sq mi)	236,657
Madeira Autonomous Region	801 km2 (309 sq mi)	251,060

government finance [edit ]

debt as a share of the economy of Portugal, compared to eurozone average The portuguese government is heavily indebted, and received a 78-billion-euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in May 2011. [ 153 ] The ratio of Portugal ‘s debt to its overall economy, was 107 per cent when it received the bailout. [ 153 ] As part of the deal, the country agreed to cut its budget deficit from 9.8 per cent of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 per cent in 2011, 4.5 per penny in 2012 and 3 per cent in 2013. [ 154 ] After the bailout was announced, the portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the purpose of improving the submit ‘s fiscal site, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3 %, on top of the government ‘s spend cuts. The portuguese politics besides agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it forbid power over vital decisions. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average engage cut of 20 % relative to their 2010 service line, with cuts reaching 25 % for those earning more than 1,500 euro per calendar month. [ 157 ] The IMF, the european Commission ( EC ) and the european Central Bank ( ECB ) said in September 2012 that Portugal ‘s debt would peak at 124 per penny of gross domestic product in 2014. [ 158 ] The IMF previously said in July 2012 that Portugal ‘s debt would peak at about 118.5 per penny of GDP in 2013. [ 158 ] In September 2013, the portuguese Government reviewed again the public debt of Portugal for 2013 to 127.8 per cent, after a acme of 130.9 per penny in that calendar month. [ 159 ] A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias [ 160 ] and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through indecipherable Public–private partnerships and financing of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and drumhead military officer bonuses and wages. dogged and survive recruitment policies boosted the number of pleonastic public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and european structural and coherence funds were mismanaged across about four decades. [ 161 ] Two portuguese banks, Banco Português de Negócios ( BPN ) and Banco Privado Português ( BPP ), had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and account fraud. The case of BPN was peculiarly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications – Portugal ‘s then President, Cavaco Silva and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was finally charged and arrested for fraud and early crimes. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] [ 164 ] On grounds of avoiding a potentially dangerous fiscal crisis in the portuguese economy, the portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, finally at a future passing to taxpayers and to the portuguese people in general .

economy [edit ]

A proportional representation of Portugal ‘s exports, as of 2019 Portugal is a develop and a high-income area, with a GDP per head of 77 % of the EU28 average in 2017 ( increasing from 75 % in 2012 ) [ 165 ] and a HDI of 0.850 ( the 40th highest ) in 2018. [ 166 ] By the end of 2018, Portugal ‘s GDP ( PPP ) was $ 32,554 per caput, according to OECD ‘s composition. [ 167 ] The national currency of Portugal is the euro ( € ), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the area was one of the master penis states of the eurozone. Portugal ‘s cardinal bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral region of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and fiscal institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas – the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra, Leiria and Faro districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas. According to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe ‘s Leading Golf Destination in 2012 and 2013. [ 168 ] [ 169 ]
Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal ‘s most noteworthy phases of economic expansion ( that started in the 1960s ), [ 170 ] a significant change has occurred in the state ‘s annual economic growth. [ 171 ] After the convulsion of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a summons that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal ‘s public consumption -based economic exploitation model has been lento changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, dress, footwear and bob ( Portugal is the earth ‘s precede bob producer ), [ 172 ] wood products and beverages. [ 173 ] In the second ten of the twenty-first century, the portuguese economy suffered its most dangerous recess since the 1970s, resulting in the state having to be bailed out by the european Commission, european Central Bank and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ). The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in rally for funding support of €78,000,000,000. In May 2014, the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its committedness to maintaining its reformer momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout, the economy had contracted by 0.7 % in the first quarter of 2014 ; however, unemployment, while still eminent, had fallen to 15.3 %. [ 174 ]
The median wage in Portugal is €910 per calendar month, excluding freelance individuals [ 175 ] and the minimum engage, which is regulated by law, is €705 per month ( paid 14 times per annum ) as of 2022. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] [ 178 ] The Global Competitiveness Report for 2019, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal on the 34th position on the economic index. The Economist Intelligence Unit ‘s quality of life index placed Portugal as the country with the 19th-best quality of life in the universe for 2005, ahead of other economically and technologically advance countries like France, Germany, the United Kingdom and South Korea, but 9 places behind its sole neighbor, Spain. [ 179 ] This is despite the fact that Portugal remains as one of the countries with the lowest per head GDP in Western Europe. [ 180 ]
major state-owned companies include : Águas de Portugal ( urine ), Caixa Geral de Depósitos ( banking ), Comboios de Portugal ( railways ), Companhia das Lezírias ( farming ) and RTP ( media ). Some erstwhile state-owned entities are managed by state-run holding company Parpública, which is a stockholder of several public and private companies. [ citation needed ] Among early state-owned companies recently privatized are : CTT ( postal servicing ) and ANA ( airports ). Companies listed on Euronext Lisbon sprout exchange like EDP, Galp, Jerónimo Martins, Mota-Engil, Novabase, Semapa, Portucel Soporcel, Portugal Telecom and Sonae, are amongst the largest corporations of Portugal by number of employees, net income or international marketplace plowshare. The Euronext Lisbon is the major store exchange of Portugal and is region of the NYSE Euronext, the foremost global broth central. The PSI-20 is Portugal ‘s most selective and wide known livestock exponent. The International Monetary Fund issued an update reputation on the economy of Portugal in late-June 2017 with a strong near-term mentality and an increase in investments and exports over previous years. Because of a excess in 2016, the area was no longer bound by the Excessive Deficit Procedure which had been implemented during an earlier fiscal crisis. The bank system was more stable, although there were silent non-performing loans and corporate debt. The IMF recommended working on solving these problems for Portugal to be able to attract more private investment. “ Sustained firm increase, together with cover public debt decrease, would reduce vulnerabilities arising from senior high school obligation, particularly when monetary accommodation is reduced. ” The OECD economic reports since 2018 show recovery, albeit slow ; and Portugal ‘s growth prospects continue positivist for 2020. [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ]

Primary sector [edit ]

The Alentejo is known as the “ boodle basket of Portugal ”, being the state ‘s head area in wheat and cork output. agriculture in Portugal is based on humble to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. however, the sector besides includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies ( like Grupo RAR ‘s Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale district attorney Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro ). The country produces a wide kind of crops and livestock products, including : tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, wheat, barley, maize, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, postpone grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef. According to FAO, Portugal is the top producer of cork and carob in the worldly concern, accounting to about 50 % and 30 % of universe output respectively. [ 184 ] It is besides the third largest exporter of chestnut and the third base largest european producer of pulp. [ 185 ] Portugal is among the top ten largest olive vegetable oil producers in the global and is the fourthly biggest exporter. [ 186 ] The area is besides one of the world ‘s largest exporters of wine, being reputed for its very well wines. forestry has besides played an important economic function among the rural communities and industry ( namely newspaper diligence that includes Portucel Soporcel Group, engineered wood that includes Sonae Indústria, and furniture that includes several manufacture plants in and around Paços de Ferreira, the core of Portugal ‘s major industrial operations of IKEA ). In 2001, the gross agrarian merchandise accounted for 4 % of the home GDP .
“Cupa”, Roman tombstones into the shape of wooden wine barrels, were used to mark the grave of wine makers in the 3rd century in , Roman tombstones into the form of wooden wine barrels, were used to mark the grave of wine makers in the third hundred in Alentejo, a region to this day renowned for its wines. traditionally a sea might, Portugal has had a impregnable tradition in the portuguese fish sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per head. [ 187 ] The independent land sites in Portugal ( including Azores and Madeira ), according to entire landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olhão, Sesimbra, Figueira district attorney Foz, Sines, Portimão and Madeira. Portuguese-processed pisces products are exported through several companies, under a phone number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the populace ‘s oldest active canned fish manufacturer. Portugal is a meaning european minerals producer and is ranked among Europe ‘s leading copper producers. The nation is besides a noteworthy manufacturer of canister, tungsten and uranium. however, the country lacks the electric potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminum, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal ‘s mine and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and ember reserves – chiefly in the north – after the 1974 revolution and the attendant economic globalization, moo competitiveness forced a decrease in the origin activeness for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognize portuguese mines that are however in operation. [ 188 ] Portugal is ample in its lithium subsoil, which is particularly concentrated in the districts of Guarda, Viseu, Vila Real and Viana do Castelo, while most of the state ‘s lithium comes from the Gonçalo aplite-pegmatite field. The largest lithium mine in Europe is operated by Grupo Mota, Felmica, in the Guarda region, which is estimated to have reserves for 30 years of production. It has 5 more deposits in its possession. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Savannah Resources in May 2018 announced a 52 % addition in the calculate lithium resources at the Mina do Barroso Lithium Project in northern Portugal, saying the country could become the first european supplier of spodumene, a lithium-bearing mineral. [ 192 ] The company said the estimated mineral resources at the mine now stood at 14 million tonnes. lithium prices have risen in anticipation of growing demand for the mineral, which is used in batteries for electric vehicles and for storing electricity from the office grid. Europe consumes more than 20 per penny of the ball-shaped supply of battery-grade lithium but presently has to import all its supplies of the mineral. [ 193 ] W Resources stated in 2018 that it had started a new drill campaign at its São Martinho gold project in Portugal. The alleged turn back circulation drilling broadcast included 15 holes with around 2,000 metres of total drill. The objective is to extend resources by integrating the datum from 2016 drilling results with the expansion expected with the ongoing campaign. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ]

secondary sector [edit ]

industry is diversified, ranging from automotive ( Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroën ) and bicycles, [ 197 ] aerospace ( Embraer and OGMA ), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group ‘s AutoEuropa motor fomite assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest alien direct investment projects in Portugal. modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and data technology, have been developed in several locations across the nation. Alverca, Évora [ 198 ] and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the portuguese company OGMA. Following the twist of the twenty-first hundred, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro. [ citation needed ]

Tertiary sector [edit ]

The trust and insurance sectors performed well until the fiscal crisis of 2007–2008, and this partially reflected a rapid intensify of the market in Portugal. While medium to diverse types of marketplace and underwrite risks, it has been estimated that overall both the life and non-life sectors will be able to withstand a number of hard shocks, evening though the impingement on individual insurers varies widely. [ 199 ] change of location and tourism continue to be highly authoritative for Portugal. It has been necessary for the state to focus upon its recess attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors. [ 200 ] Portugal is among the top 20 most-visited countries in the earth, receiving an average of 20,000,000 foreign tourists each year. [ 201 ] In 2014, Portugal was elected The Best European Country by USA Today. [ 202 ] In 2017, Portugal was elected both Europe’s Leading Destination [ 203 ] and in 2018 and 2019, World’s Leading Destination [ 204 ] tourist hotspots in Portugal are : Lisbon, Cascais, Fatima, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and Coimbra. Lisbon attracts the sixteenth-most tourists among european cities [ 205 ] ( with seven million tourists occupying the city ‘s hotels in 2006 ). [ 206 ] noteworthy luxury destinations include the portuguese Riviera and the Comporta Coast. besides, between 5–6 million religious pilgrims visit Fatima each class, where apparitions of the Virgin Mary to three shepherd children allegedly took position in 1917. The Sanctuary of Our lady of Fatima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the global. The portuguese government continues to promote and develop raw tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. The caption of the Rooster of Barcelos tells the floor of a dead cock ‘s heaven-sent intervention in proving the artlessness of a homo who had been falsely accused and sentenced to death. The floor is associated with the 17th-century calvary that is part of the collection of the Archaeological Museum located in Paço make Condes, a gothic-style palace in Barcelos, a city in northwesterly Portugal. The Rooster of Barcelos is bought by thousands of tourists as a national keepsake. On 30 November 2016, the United Nations added the Portuguese Bisalhães custom of making black pottery to the UNESCO Heritage Protection List. [ 207 ] On 7 December 2017, the United Nations added the Bonecos de Estremoz – Toys of Estremoz custom as an UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humankind. [ 208 ]

Quaternary sector [edit ]

Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are chiefly conducted within a network of R & D units belonging to populace universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional do Recursos Biológicos. The fund and management of this inquiry arrangement is chiefly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education ( MCTES ) and the MCTES ‘s Fundação para a Ciência east Tecnologia ( FCT ) .
The largest R & D units of the public universities by volume of inquiry grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences inquiry institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research center which awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science respect in the world. A total of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are besides creditworthy for research and development projects. One of the oldest memorize societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779. iberian bilateral state-supported inquiry efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis distributed computing platform, which are joint research programmes of both Portugal and Spain. Portugal is a member of several pan-European scientific organizations. These include the european Space Agency ( ESA ), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics ( CERN ), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ). Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have respective other celebrated organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva, a broadcast of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the portuguese population, [ 209 ] the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium. With the egress and growth of respective skill parks throughout the worldly concern that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop respective [ 210 ] skill parks across the state. These include the Taguspark ( in Oeiras ), the Coimbra iParque ( in Coimbra ), the biocant ( in Cantanhede ), the Madeira Tecnopolo [ 211 ] ( in Funchal ), Sines Tecnopolo [ 212 ] ( in Sines ), Tecmaia [ 213 ] ( in Maia ) and Parkurbis [ 214 ] ( in Covilhã ). Companies locate in the portuguese science parks to take advantage of a diverseness of services ranging from fiscal and legal advice through to marketing and technical documentation. Egas Moniz, a portuguese doctor who developed the cerebral angiography and lobotomy, received in 1949 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – he is the first portuguese recipient of a Nobel Prize and the only in the sciences. The european Innovation Scoreboard 2011, placed Portugal-based invention in the fifteenth position, with an impressive increase in invention expending and output. [ 215 ] Portugal was ranked 31st in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, up from 32nd in 2019. [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] [ 219 ]

transport [edit ]

By the early-1970s, Portugal ‘s fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in fare. Again in the 1990s, after joining the european Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. today, the state has a 68,732 kilometer ( 42,708 michigan ) road network, of which about 3,000 km ( 1,864 michigan ) are contribution of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the foremost expressway ( which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium ) was an advanced project that made Portugal one of the first gear countries in the world to establish a expressway ( this roadway finally became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5 ). Although a few other tracts were created ( around 1960 and 1970 ), it was only after the begin of the 1980s that large-scale expressway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the region ‘s motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid ( see Via Verde ). Vasco district attorney Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe at 12.345 kilometer. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] Continental Portugal ‘s 89,015 km2 ( 34,369 sq michigan ) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon ‘s geographic placement makes it a stop for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The basal flag-carrier is TAP Air Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been suspended due to austerity measures. presently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal ( Madeira ), and Ponta Delgada ( Azores ), managed by the national airport agency group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal. One other significant airport is the Aeroporto Internacional district attorney Lajes on the island of Terceira in the Azores. This airport serves as one of two external airports serving countries outside the European Union for all nine islands of the Azores. It besides serves as a military air base for the United States Air Force. The root remains in use to the present day. A national railway system that extends throughout the state and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal ( CP ). Rail transportation of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 kilometer ( 1,734 nautical mile ) of railway lines presently in serve, of which 1,430 kilometer ( 889 nautical mile ) are electrified and about 900 km ( 559 michigan ) allow gearing speeds greater than 120 kilometers per hour ( 75 miles per hour ). The railroad track net is managed by Infraestruturas de Portugal while the transportation of passengers and goods are the province of CP, both populace companies. In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes ( 9,600,000 long tons ; 10,700,000 brusque tons ) of goods. The major seaports are located in Sines, Lisbon, Leixões, Setúbal, Aveiro, Figueira district attorney Foz, and Faro. The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems : Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon metropolitan area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 kilometer ( 22 nautical mile ) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa ( Carris ), for over a century. In Porto, a streetcar network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 ( a first for the Iberian Peninsula ). All major cities and towns have their own local urban conveyance network, american samoa well as cab services .

Energy [edit ]

Portugal electricity production 1980-2019 Portugal has considerable resources of scent and river office, the two most cost-efficient renewable energy sources. Since the turn of the twenty-first hundred, there has been a course towards the exploitation of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both pulmonary tuberculosis and habit of fossil fuels. In 2006, the world ‘s largest solar might plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the confederacy, while the earth ‘s first commercial brandish exponent farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region ( 2008 ). By the end of 2006, 66 % of the state ‘s electrical production was from coal and fuel baron plants, while 29 % were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6 % by wind energy. [ 222 ] In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43 % of the nation ‘s pulmonary tuberculosis of electricity, evening as hydroelectric production decreased with hard droughts. [ 223 ] As of June 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports. In the period between January and May 2010, 70 % of the national production of energy came from renewable sources. [ 224 ] Portugal ‘s national energy transmission caller, Redes Energéticas Nacionais ( REN ), uses advanced model to predict weather, specially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the assorted renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind rotation, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine weave and water : wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period ; then the water flows declivitous by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal ‘s distribution system is besides now a two-way street. rather of equitable delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The politics aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a bounty price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity .

Demographics [edit ]

The Statistics Portugal ( portuguese : INE – Instituto Nacional de Estatística ) estimates that, according to the 2021 census, the population was 10,344,802 ( of which 52 % was female, 48 % was male ). [ 3 ] This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history : a single religion ( Roman Catholicism ) and a one lyric have contributed to this heathen and national one. [ 225 ] The most crucial demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one ; stream interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the european continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the chief population reference of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show portuguese populations not to be importantly different from other european populations. [ 226 ] portuguese people have a preponderancy of genetics ( Iron Age Period ) [ 227 ] which belong to R1b haplogroup syndicate along with Brythonic, Alpine and Goidelic genetic markers. besides expectable but not so common are confederacy european ( sardinian, italian and Balkans ), broadly North-western ( West Germanic ) and to a lesser extent British/Irish ( Brythonic/Gaelic ) and french ( Alpine ). With a low confidence range there are scandinavian and east european genetic markers. [ 227 ] other sources would point out a little presence of Berber and Jewish that would be besides separate of a gloomy confidence region. [ 228 ] native Portuguese are an iberian heathen group and they form 95 % of the solid population, whose ancestry is very similar to Spaniards and have potent ties with chap Atlantic Arc countries like Ireland, british Isles, France and Belgium due to maritime trade dated as far spinal column as the Bronze Age. These maritime contacts and the prevalence of R1b haplogroup as the main genic marker of these countries suggest a common ancestry and cultural proximity. other nautical contacts with the Mediterranean particularly with Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans and Moors added some particular phenotypes in southerly Portugal and peculiarly southerly Spain ( the Tartessos culture ), making Portugal and north-western Spain a bridge between north-western Europe and the Mediterranean but maintaining the Atlantic character. Despite the adept economic development in the past three decades the Portuguese were the shortest in Europe since 1890. This emerging stature gap took place in the 1840s and has increased since. One of the force factors was the humble real wage growth, given the former industrialization and economic growth in Portugal compared to the European effect. Another determinant was the stay homo capital formation. [ 229 ] The total fertility rate ( TFR ) as of 2015 was estimated at 1.52 children born/woman, one of the lowest in the world, which is below the replacement pace of 2.1, [ 230 ] it remains well below the high of 5.02 children born per charwoman in 1911. [ 231 ] In 2016, 52.8 % of births were to unmarried women. [ 232 ] Like most western countries, Portugal has to deal with humble richness levels : the area has experienced a sub-replacement fertility rate since the 1980s. [ 233 ] Portugal subsequently has the seventeenth oldest population in the world, with the average historic period of 43.7 years. [ 234 ] The structure of portuguese club is characterized by a significant inequality which in 2016 placed the country in the lowest one-seventh of the Social Justice Index for the European Union. [ 235 ] Portugal ‘s parliament in 2018 approved a budget plan for 2019 that includes tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to lure back those who left during the fiscal crisis of 2007–2008. The expansionary 2019 budget, backed by a leftist majority in parliament, besides aims to boost the purchasing power of households while cutting the already broken deficit even further. Returning emigrants will be allowed to declare only half their taxable income for five years if they return, provided they lived abroad for at least three years. The “ Return Programme ” is to run for two years. Around 500,000 residents left Portugal between 2010 and 2015 after the Great Recession. Although some 350,000 have since returned, Lisbon wants to tempt the rest to come base – in a alike outline to the Irish one. [ 236 ] Portugal has approved a recognition course for portuguese emigrants aiming to invest in the country on their return key. Furthermore, Emigrants returning in 2019 and 2020 will see their taxes halved as separate of the stimulation to bring native Portuguese back and revitalize the population and promote continue economic growth [ 237 ] – as Portugal struggles with a abject give birth pace and an ripening population. According to projections by the national statistics office, Portugal ‘s population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 from 10.3 million nowadays and the population will continue to long time. [ 238 ]

urbanization [edit ]

Metropolitan areas [edit ]

2) by municipality A map of Portugal showing the population concentration ( number of inhabitants / kilometer ) by municipality There are two Greater Metropolitan Areas ( GAMs ) : lisbon and Porto. [ 240 ] The follow is a list of those with mainland Functional Urban Areas ( FUA ) .

Regions by HDI [edit ]

Legend:

 

> 0.880

 

0.840 – 0.880

 

0.820 – 0.840

 

0.800 – 0.820

 

< 0.800 Map of Portuguese regions by Human Development Index in 2018 This is a list of NUTS2 statistical regions of Portugal by Human Development Index as of 2019. [ 242 ]

immigration [edit ]

In 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants, of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants. [ 244 ] In 2015, Portugal had 10,341,330 inhabitants, of whom about 383,759 were legal migrants, making up 3.7 % of the population. [ 245 ] In 2017, Portugal had 416,682 legal residents of foreign lineage, of which 203,753 identified as male, and 212,929 as female. [ 246 ] As of 2020, 32,147 residents of foreign beginning acquired Portuguese nationality, of which 17,021 were female and 15,126 were male. [ 247 ]
clear origins for foreign-born established citizens of Portugal Portugal ‘s colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the survive western colonial european powers to give up its overseas territories ( among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975 ), turning over the administration of Macau to the People ‘s Republic of China at the end of 1999. consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these erstwhile territories for both economic and personal reasons. Portugal, long a state of emigration ( the huge majority of Brazilians have Portuguese lineage ), [ 248 ] has immediately become a nation of net immigration, [ 249 ] and not good from the last amerind ( portuguese until 1961 ), African ( Portuguese until 1975 ), and Far East Asian ( Portuguese until 1999 ) oversea territories. An calculate 800,000 portuguese returned to Portugal as the country ‘s african possessions gained independence in 1975. [ 248 ] Since the 1990s, along with a boom in structure, respective new waves of ukrainian, brazilian, Lusophone Africans and early Africans have settled in the country. Romanians, Moldovans, Kosovo Albanians, Russians and Chinese have besides migrated to the country. Portugal ‘s Romani population is estimated to be at about 40,000. Numbers of Venezuelan, Pakistani and indian migrants are besides significant. It is estimated that over 30,000 seasonal worker, frequently illegal immigrants work in department of agriculture, chiefly in the south where they are often exploited by organize seasonal workers ‘ networks. The workers sometimes get paid less than half the minimum pay established by law. These migrants, who often arrive without due software documentation or work contracts, make up over 90 % of agricultural workers in the south of Portugal. Most are Indo-Asians, from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand. In the department of the interior of the Alentejo there are many african workers. significant numbers besides come from Eastern Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania and Brazil. [ 250 ] In addition, a number of EU citizens, by and large from the United Kingdom or other northern european countries, have become permanent residents in the area ( with the british community being by and large composed of retire pensioners who live in the Algarve and Madeira ). [ 251 ]

religion [edit ]

Religions in Portugal (Census 2011)[252]
Roman Catholicism			81.0%
Other Christianity			3.3%
Others			0.6%
No Religion			6.8%
Undeclared			8.3%

According to the 2011 Census, 81.0 % of the portuguese population was Roman Catholic Christian. [ 253 ] The area has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah ‘s Witnesses, Baháʼí, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from african Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are besides felt among many people, peculiarly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and traditional African Herbal Medicine. Some 6.8 % of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3 % did not give any answer about their religion. [ 254 ] many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the portuguese nation, their relative world power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church service enjoyed baron and close identification with early portuguese patriotism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including its first university. The emergence of the Portuguese oversea empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with significant roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the populate continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic ( 1910–26 ) changed the function and importance of organized religion. Portugal is a secular state : church and submit were formally separated during the First Portuguese Republic, and this was reiterated in the 1976 Portuguese Constitution. early than the Constitution, the two most significant documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata ( later amended in 1971 ) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act .

Languages [edit ]

portuguese is the official language of Portugal. It is a Romance language that is derived from Galician-Portuguese, which was spoken in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal. There are distillery solid similarities between the Galician and Portuguese cultures. Galicia is a advisory perceiver of the Community of portuguese Language Countries. The portuguese terminology is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanize pre-Roman peoples of the iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago – particularly the Celts, [ 20 ] Conii, [ 255 ] Lusitanians [ 19 ] and Turduli. [ 256 ] In the 15th and 16th centuries, the terminology spread cosmopolitan as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. [ 257 ] Portuguese is spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accountancy for the largest number of native portuguese speakers of any country. In 2013 the portuguese speech is the official language spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, and East Timor. These countries, plus Macau Special Administrative Region ( People ‘s Republic of China ) where portuguese is co-official with yue, make up the Lusosphere, a term derived from the ancient Roman state of “ Lusitania “, which presently matches the portuguese district south of the Douro river. [ 258 ] Mirandese is besides recognized as a co-official regional linguistic process in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. It is share of the Astur-Leonese group of languages. [ 259 ] An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal. [ 260 ] Furthermore, a particular dialect known as Barranquenho, spoken in Barrancos, is besides officially recognized and protected in Portugal since 2021. [ 261 ] Minderico, a sociolect of the portuguese lyric, is spoken by around 500 people in the town of Minde. [ 262 ] According to the International English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high proficiency flush in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking european countries like Italy, France or Spain. [ 263 ]

education [edit ]

The educational system is divided into preschool ( for those under age 6 ), basic department of education ( 9 years, in three stages, compulsory ), junior-grade education ( 3 years, compulsory since 2010 ), and higher education ( subdivided in university and polytechnic institute education ). Universities are normally organized into faculties. Institutes and schools are besides common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher department of education institutions .
The total adult literacy rate is 99.4 per cent. portuguese basal school enrolments are 100 per penny. According to the Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) 2018, Portugal scored around the OECD average in reading, mathematics and skill. In read and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was cheeseparing to the level observed in 2009 to 2015 ; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015, and returned close to the charge observed in 2009 and 2012. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] about 46,9 % of college-age citizens ( 20 years old ) attend one of Portugal ‘s higher education institutions [ 266 ] [ 267 ] [ 268 ] ( compared with 50 % in the United States and 35 % in the OECD countries ). In addition to being a address for international students, Portugal is besides among the acme places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and external, totalled 380,937 in 2005 .
Estudo Geral (General Study), was founded in Lisbon with his signing of the document Scientiae thesaurus mirabilis in Leiria on 3 March 1290.King Diniz statue at the University of Coimbra : the first university in Portugal (now the University of Coimbra), then called the(General Study), was founded in Lisbon with his signing of the documentin Leiria on 3 March 1290. portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest portuguese university [ 269 ] was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas ( the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro ) in 1792, angstrom well as the oldest medical college in Asia ( the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa ) in 1842. presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon. The Bologna action has been adopted by portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes in 2006. Higher department of education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive footing, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on scholar admissions. however, every higher department of education institution offers besides a issue of extra vacant places through early extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants ( over 23 years previous ), external students, alien students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions ( academic transfer ), erstwhile students ( readmission ), and course change, which are discipline to specific standards and regulations set by each initiation or course department. Most scholar costs are supported with populace money. however, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students ( many as international students and part-time students or in evening classes ) like employees, businessmen, parents, pensioners and foreigners ( most prominently from Brazil, [ 270 ] a Portuguese-speaking country ), many departments make a hearty profit from every extra scholar enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university ‘s gross tuition gross and without [ citation needed ] loss of educational quality ( teacher per scholar, calculator per student, classroom size per scholar, etc. ). Portugal has entered into cooperation agreements with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other US institutions to far develop and increase the potency of Portuguese higher department of education and research .

Health [edit ]

St António Hospital, in Porto ( above ), and St Maria Hospital, in Lisbon ( bottom ) According to the Human Development Report, the average life anticipation in Portugal had reached 82 years in 2017 ; [ 271 ] in 2020 it was estimated at 82.11 years. [ 272 ] As projected by the United Nations, the liveliness anticipation of the portuguese population will be over 90 years when we reach 2100. [ 273 ] The trajectory of the Portuguese life anticipation is visualized with historical data from 1950 and future projections up to 2100, as can be seen in the graph on the left. Portugal ranks 12th in the best public health systems in the world, ahead of early countries like the United Kingdom, Germany or Sweden. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] The Portuguese health system is characterized by three coexisting systems : the National Health Service ( Serviço Nacional de Saúde, SNS ), special social health indemnity schemes for sealed professions ( health subsystems ) and voluntary private health indemnity. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 25 % of the population is covered by the health subsystems, 10 % by secret insurance schemes and another 7 % by common funds. The Ministry of Health is creditworthy for developing health policy adenine well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care manner of speaking. decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting fiscal and management province to the regional horizontal surface. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget arrange and spend has been limited to basal concern. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer ( including the state ) and employee contributions represent the main fund sources of the health subsystem. In addition, lineal payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of fund .
like to the other Eur-A countries, most portuguese fail from noncommunicable diseases. mortality from cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal ( 17 % ). portuguese people die 12 % less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining angstrom quickly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more patronize among children american samoa well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer ( lento increasing among women ) and breast cancer ( decreasing quickly ) are scarce, cervical cancer and prostate gland cancer are more frequent. Portugal has the highest deathrate pace for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s. Portugal ‘s baby mortality rate is around 2 deaths per 1000 newborns, with 2.4 deaths per 1000 bouncy births. People are normally well informed about their health status, the plus and negative effects of their behavior on their health, and their manipulation of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health, can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. therefore, survey results based on self-reporting at family flat, complement early data on health condition and the use of services. entirely one third gear of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal ( Kasmel et al., 2004 ). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse position of the country in terms of deathrate and selected morbidity. [ 276 ] Hospital de Santa Maria is the largest university hospital in Portugal. [ 277 ]

culture [edit ]

Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by assorted civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the european continent, or were introduced when it played an active function during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s ( ten ), Portugal modernized its populace cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa district attorney Música, both in Porto, vitamin a well as newly populace cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 9th in Europe and 18th in the world .

architecture [edit ]

traditional architecture is classifiable and include the Manueline, besides known as portuguese late Gothic a deluxe, complex portuguese stylus of architectural decoration of the first decades of the sixteenth century, followed by Pombaline style of the eighteenth hundred. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, specially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the earth renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira ( both Pritzker Prize winners ) and Gonçalo Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is besides noteworthy, particularly for stadium design. [ 278 ] [ 279 ] [ 280 ]

cinema [edit ]

portuguese cinema has a long custom, reaching second to the parturition of the medium in the deep nineteenth hundred. António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, Edgar Pêra, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho, João Mário Grilo and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained luminary. Noted portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Nuno Lopes, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado .

literature [edit ]

portuguese literature, one of the earliest western literatures, developed through text a well as song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician troubadours spread their literary determine to most of the iberian Peninsula. [ 281 ] Gil Vicente ( c. 1465–c. 1536 ) was one of the founders of Portuguese dramatic traditions. Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões ( c. 1524–1580 ) wrote the epic poem Os Lusíadas ( The Lusiads ), with Virgil ‘s Aeneid as his chief influence. [ 282 ] Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Bocage ( 1765–1805 ), Antero de Quental ( 1842–1891 ) and Fernando Pessoa ( 1888–1935 ). modern portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queirós, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes, Miguel Torga and Agustina Bessa-Luís. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature .

cuisine [edit ]

portuguese cuisine is very diverse. The portuguese consume a bunch of dry collect ( bacalhau in Portuguese ), for which there are hundreds of recipes. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a tomato-based grizzle that can be made from several types of pisces with a blend of onion, garlic, bay leaf, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, parsley or coriander. typical portuguese meat recipes made out of gripe, pork, lamb, butt or chicken include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leitão ( ridicule suckling hog ), chanfana and carne de porco à alentejana. A identical popular northerly dish is dobrada, a tripe with ashen beans and carrots stew, frequently served with steam white rice. Peri-peri chicken is a blue charcoal chicken dish served with rice and vegetables, a front-runner throughout Portugal, but most common in the Algarve region .
Pasteis de Nata in Lisbon typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha ( Frenchie ) from Porto, “ Tripas à moda do Porto “ which is besides a traditional dish from Porto, and bifanas ( barbecued pork ) or prego ( grill gripe ) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The portuguese artwork of pastry has its origins in the many chivalric Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients ( largely almonds, vanilla, cinnamon, flour, eggs and some liquor ), managed to create a outstanding wide range of different pastries, of which pastéis de Belém ( or pastéis de nata ) in the first place from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples. portuguese cuisine is very divers, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the nation there are countless full restaurants and typical belittled tasquinhas. portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. today, the area is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best portuguese wines are Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet Port Wine, Madeira Wine, and the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide rate of places around the worldly concern .

music [edit ]

portuguese music encompasses a wide variety show of genres. The traditional one is the portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local customs having as instruments bagpipes ( gaita ), drums, flutes, tambourines, accordions and ukuleles ( cavaquinho ). Within portuguese tribe music is the celebrated writing style of Fado, a melancholy urban music originated in Lisbon in the nineteenth hundred, probably inside bohemian environments, normally associated with the Portuguese guitar and saudade, or longing. Coimbra fado, a alone type of “ folk singer serenade ” fado, is besides noteworthy. Internationally noteworthy performers include Amália Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, José Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, António Chainho, Mísia, Dulce Pontes and Madredeus. In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the capital cellist Guilhermina Suggia. luminary composers include Marcos Portugal, José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his scholar Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes and Sérgio Azevedo. similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d’Oliveira have achieved some international success compose .
Queen of Fado, performing in 1969Amália Rodrigues, known as the, performing in 1969 In addition to Folk, Fado and Classical music, other genres are portray at Portugal like pop and other types of mod music, peculiarly from North America and the United Kingdom, ampere well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and brazilian artists and bands. Artists with international recognition include Dulce Pontes, Moonspell, Buraka Som Sistema, Blasted Mechanism, David Carreira and The Gift, with the three latter being nominees for a MTV Europe Music Award. Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, NOS Alive, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a big number of festivals, designed more to an urban consultation, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest external Goa enchantment festivals takes identify in cardinal Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is besides the only festival in Portugal to win international awards : european Festival Award 2010 – Green’n’Clean Festival of the class and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is besides the scholar festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon. Furthermore, Portugal won the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv with the song “ Amar pelos department of the interior “ presented by Salvador Sobral, and subsequently hosted the 2018 contest at the Altice Arena in Lisbon. [ 283 ] [ 284 ]

ocular arts [edit ]

Portugal has a full-bodied history in paint. The first long-familiar painters date back to the fifteenth hundred – like Nuno Gonçalves and Vasco Fernandes – were part of the late Gothic paint period. During the renaissance Portuguese painting was highly influenced by north european painting. In the Baroque period Josefa de Óbidos and Vieira Lusitano were the most prolific painters. José Malhoa, known for his work Fado, and Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro ( who painted the portraits of Teófilo Braga and Antero de Quental ) were both references in naturalist painting. The twentieth hundred saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most big portuguese painters : Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by french painters, particularly the Delaunays ( Robert and Sonia ). Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, ally to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted Pessoa ‘s portrayal. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. outstanding external figures in ocular arts nowadays include painters Vieira district attorney silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego .

sport [edit ]

[285]Cristiano Ronaldo is consistently ranked as one of the best football players in the world and considered to be one of the greatest players of all time. football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local anesthetic amateurish to first professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo, who won the FIFA Ballon d’Or, are two first portuguese football players. portuguese football managers are besides noteworthy, with José Mourinho being among the most celebrated. The Portugal home football team – Seleção Nacional – have won one UEFA european Championship style : the UEFA Euro 2016, with a 1–0 victory in the concluding over France, the tournament hosts. In accession, Portugal finished inaugural in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League with a 1–0 acquire over the Netherlands in the final ( held in Portugal ), second in the Euro 2004 ( besides held in Portugal ), third base in the 1966 FIFA World Cup and 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, and fourth in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. At youth grade, Portugal have won two FIFA World Youth Championships ( in 1989 and 1991 ) and several UEFA European Youth Championships. S.L. Benfica, Sporting CP and FC Porto are the largest sports golf club by popularity and by count of trophies won, much known as “ os três grandes “ ( “ the boastful three ” ). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were portray in 21 finals and have been regular contenders in the final stages about every season. other than football, many portuguese sports clubs, including the “ large three ”, compete in several other sports events with a varying grade of success and popularity, these may include roller field hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol – per annum hosts the Algarve Cup, a esteemed women ‘s football tournament that has been celebrated in the portuguese region of Algarve. The Portuguese national rugby union team qualified for the 2007 Rugby World Cup and the Portuguese national rugby sevens team has played in the World Rugby Sevens Series .
Nelson Évora won gold in triple jump at the Olympics among other major competitionsPatrícia Mamona won gold at European athletics and indoor championships as well as silver at the Olympics In athletics, the Portuguese have won a issue of gold, silver and bronze medals in the European, World and Olympic Games competitions. Road motorbike, with Volta a Portugal being the most crucial race, is besides a democratic sports event and includes professional cycling teams such as Sporting CP, Boavista, Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira and União Ciclista district attorney Maia. At international level, portuguese cyclists have already achieved good results. Joaquim Agostinho finished on the dais in 1978 and 1979 Tour de France, and 1974 Vuelta a España. Rui Costa has won the worldly concern championship in the men ‘s road race. The country has besides achieved noteworthy performances in sports like fence, judo, kitesurf, rowing, sailing, surfing, shooting, tae kwon do, triathlon and windsurf, owning respective european and earth titles. The paralympic athletes have besides conquered many medals in sports like swim, boccia, athletics, desegregate soldierly arts and wrestling .
In motorsport, Portugal is internationally noted for the Rally of Portugal, and the Estoril and Algarve Circuits adenine well as the revived Porto Street Circuit which holds a degree of the WTCC every two years, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as for a numeral of internationally noted pilots and racers such as Miguel Oliveira, Tiago Monteiro, António Félix district attorney Costa, Filipe Albuquerque, Pedro Lamy and others in a wide crop of vary motorsports. In horseman sports, Portugal won the entirely Horseball-Pato World Championship in 2006 achieved the third placement in the First Horseball World Cup and has achieved respective victories in the european Working Equitation Championship. In water sports, Portugal has three major sports : swim, water polo and browse. Most recently, Portugal had achiever in canoeing with respective global and european champions, such as olympian medalists. annually, the country besides hosts one of the stages of the World Surf League men ‘s and women ‘s Championship Tour, the MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal at the Supertubos in Peniche. Northern Portugal has its own master martial art, Jogo do Pau, in which the fighters use staffs to confront one or respective opponents. early popular sport-related amateur outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationally include airsoft, fish, golf, hike, hunting and orienteering. Portugal is one of the universe ‘s best golf destinations. [ 286 ] It has received several awards by the World Golf Awards. [ 287 ] High-profile, successful competitive athleticism and sportsmanship in Portugal can be traced rear to the prison term of Ancient Rome. Gaius Appuleius Diocles ( 104 – after 146 AD ) was a noteworthy charioteer born in Lamego who became one of the most celebrated athletes in ancient history. He is frequently cited as the highest-paid athlete of all time. [ 288 ] [ 289 ]

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

References [edit ]

Sources [edit ]

• Bliss, Christopher; Macedo, Jorge Braga de (1990). Unity with Diversity in the European Economy: the Community’s Southern Frontier. London, England: Centre for Economic Policy Research. ISBN 978-0-521-39520-5.
• Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle Anne (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
• Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3.
• Brockey, Liam Matthew (2008). Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World. ISBN 978-0-7546-6313-3.
• Ribeiro, Ângelo; José Hermano (2004). História de Portugal I — A Formação do Território [History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. ISBN 989-554-106-6.
• Ribeiro, Ângelo; Saraiva, José Hermano (2004). História de Portugal II — A Afirmação do País [History of Portugal II: An Affirmation of Nation] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. ISBN 989-554-107-4.
• de Macedo, Newton; Saraiva, José Hermano (2004). História de Portugal III — A Epopeia dos Descobrimentos [History of Portugal III: The Epoch of Discoveries] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. ISBN 989-554-108-2.
• de Macedo, Newton; Saraiva, José Hermano (2004). História de Portugal IV — Glória e Declínio do Império [History of Portugal IV: Glory and Decline of Empire] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. ISBN 989-554-109-0.
• de Macedo, Newton; Saraiva, José Hermano (2004). História de Portugal V — A Restauração da Indepêndencia [History of Portugal IV: The Restoration of Independence] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. ISBN 989-554-110-4.
• Saraiva, José Hermano (2004). História de Portugal X — A Terceira República [History of Portugal X: The Third Republic] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. ISBN 989-554-115-5.
• Loução, Paulo Alexandre (2000). Portugal, Terra de Mistérios [Portugal: Land of Mysteries] (in Portuguese) (3rd ed.). Ésquilo. ISBN 972-8605-04-8.
• Muñoz, Mauricio Pasto (2003). Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade [Viriato: The Struggle for Liberty] (in Portuguese) (3rd ed.). Ésquilo. ISBN 972-8605-23-4.
• Grande Enciclopédia Universal. Durclub. 2004.
• Constituição da República Portuguesa [Constitution of the Portuguese Republic] (in Portuguese) (VI Revisão Constitucional ed.). 2004.

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