John Paul Jones – Wikipedia

John Paul Jones ( bear John Paul ; July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792 ) was a Scottish-American naval captain who was the United States ‘ first long-familiar naval commanding officer in the american Revolutionary War. He made many friends among U.S political elites ( including John Hancock [ 1 ] and Benjamin Franklin [ 2 ] ), arsenic well as enemies ( who accused him of plagiarism ), and his actions in british waters during the Revolution earned him an external repute which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimes referred to as the “ Father of the american Navy ” ( a nickname he shares with John Barry and John Adams [ 3 ] ). Jones was born and raised in Scotland, became a bluejacket, and served as commanding officer of respective merchantmen. After having killed one of his mutinous crowd members with a sword, he fled to the Colony of Virginia and around 1775 joined the newly founded Continental Navy in their fight against the Kingdom of Great Britain in the american Revolutionary War. He commanded U.S. Navy ships stationed in France, led one failed assault on Britain, and several attacks on british merchant ships. Left without a command in 1787, he joined the Imperial Russian Navy and obtained the absolute of rear admiral.

early life sentence and training [edit ]

The birthplace and master home of John Paul Jones in Arbigland, southern Scotland John Paul ( he added “ Jones ” by and by in life ) was born on the estate of Arbigland near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on the southwest coast of Scotland. His parents married on November 29, 1733, in New Abbey, Kirkcudbrightshire. John Paul started his nautical career at the old age of 13, sailing out of Whitehaven in the northerly English county of Cumberland as apprentice aboard Friendship under Captain Benson. Paul ‘s older brother William Paul had married and settled in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Virginia was the finish of many of the younger Paul ‘s voyages. For respective years, Paul sailed aboard a issue of merchant and slave ships, including King George in 1764 as third gear copulate and Two Friends as first match in 1766. [ 4 ] In 1768, he abandoned his prestigious side on the profitable Two Friends while docked in Jamaica. He found his own passage back to Scotland, and finally obtained another position. John Paul ‘s career was quickly and unexpectedly advanced during his future voyage aboard the brig John, which sailed from port in 1768, when both the captain and a rank checkmate suddenly died of jaundiced fever. Paul managed to navigate the ship spinal column to a safe interface and, in reinforce for this feat, the vessel ‘s grateful scottish owners made him overcome of the embark and its crew, giving him ten percentage of the cargo. [ 5 ] He led two voyages to the West Indies before running into difficulty. During his moment voyage in 1770, John Paul had one of his crew flogged after trying to start a mutiny about early on payment of wages, leading to accusations that his discipline was “ unnecessarily barbarous ”. These claims were initially dismissed, but his favorable reputation was destroyed when the bluejacket died a few weeks late. John Paul was arrested for his affair in the man ‘s death, and was imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tolbooth, but late released on bail. [ 6 ] The negative effect of this episode on his reputation is indisputable. [ 5 ] The local governor encouraged John Paul to leave the area and change his name while on bail. The man who died of his injuries was not a usual boater but an explorer from a very influential Scottish family .
The house of John Paul Jones in Fredericksburg, Virginia, inherited from his brother William Leaving Scotland, John Paul commanded a London-registered vessel named Betsy, a West Indiaman mounting 22 guns, engaging in commercial speculation in Tobago for about 18 months. [ 7 ] This came to an end, however, when he killed a mutinous gang member named Blackton with a sword in a dispute over wages. [ 8 ] Years later, in a letter to Benjamin Franklin describing the incident, John Paul claimed that the kill was committed in self-defense, but he was not will to be tried in an Admiral ‘s Court, where the family of his beginning victim had been influential. He felt compelled to flee to Fredericksburg, Virginia, leaving his fortune behind ; he besides sought to arrange the affairs of his brother, who had died there without leaving any immediate family. About this clock time, John Paul assumed the surname of Jones ( in addition to his original surname ). There is a long-held custom in the state of North Carolina that John Paul adopted the name “ Jones ” in honor of Willie Jones of Halifax, North Carolina. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] From that period, America became “ the area of his fond election ”, as he afterwards expressed himself to Baron Joan Derk van five hundred Capellen toddler den Pol. [ 11 ] It was not long subsequently that John Paul Jones joined the American united states navy to fight against Britain .

Naval career [edit ]

The american colonies [edit ]

Sources struggle with this period of Jones ‘s life sentence, particularly the specifics of his family situation, making it unmanageable to pinpoint historically Jones ‘s accurate motivations for emigrating to America. It is not known whether his plans were not developing as expected for the plantation, or if he was inspired by a revolutionary emotional state. It is known that he was elected to the american Philosophical Society in Philadelphia in 1774. [ 12 ] Jones left for Philadelphia shortly after settling in North America to volunteer his services around 1775 to the newly founded Continental Navy, precursor to the United States Navy. During this time, the Navy and Marines were being formally established, and desirable ship ‘s officers and captains were in great need. Jones ‘s potential would likely have gone unrecognized were it not for the endorsement of Richard Henry Lee, who knew of his abilities. With help oneself from influential members of the Continental Congress, Jones was appointed as a 1st lieutenant of the newly converted 24-gun frigate USS Alfred in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775. [ 13 ]

Revolutionary War command [edit ]

early command [edit ]

Jones sailed from the Delaware River in February 1776 aboard Alfred on the Continental Navy ‘s maiden over cruise. It was aboard this vessel that Jones took the respect of hoisting the first U.S. ensign−the Grand Union Flag −over a naval vessel. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The flit had been expected to cruise along the coast but was ordered alternatively by Commodore Esek Hopkins to sail for The Bahamas, where Nassau was raided for military supplies. The flit had an abortive find with a british package transport on their reappearance voyage. Jones was then assigned command of the sloop USS Providence. Congress had recently ordered the construction of thirteen frigates for the American Navy, one of which was to be commanded by Jones. In exchange for this esteemed command, Jones accepted his mission aboard the smaller Providence. Over the summer of 1776 as commanding officer of Providence, Jones performed diverse services for the Continental Navy and Congress. These services included the transportation of troops, the motion of supplies and the escort of convoys. During this time, Jones was able to assist a ‘brig from Hispaniola ‘ that was being chased by HMS Cerberus and load with military stores. The brig was then purchased by Congress and put in commission as USS Hampden with Captain Hoysted Hacker commanding. [ 16 ] During a late six-week voyage to Nova Scotia, Jones captured sixteen prizes and inflict significant damage in the Raid on Canso. [ 17 ] Jones ‘s adjacent control came as a result of Commodore Hopkins ‘s orders to liberate hundreds of american prisoners forced to labor in char mines in Nova Scotia, and besides to raid british ship. On November 1, 1776, Jones set sail in dominate of Alfred to carry out this mission. Winter conditions prevented freeing the prisoners, but the deputation did result in the capture of Mellish, a vessel carrying a vital add of winter clothe intended for General John Burgoyne ‘s troops in Canada. [ 18 ]

Command of Ranger [edit ]

Despite his successes at ocean, Jones ‘ disagreements with those in agency reached a newly level upon arrival in Boston on December 16, 1776. While at the port, he began feuding with Commodore Hopkins, as Jones believed that Hopkins was hindering his promotion by talking down his campaign plans. As a resultant role of this and early frustrations, Jones was assigned the smaller command of the newly constructed USS Ranger on June 14, 1777, the same sidereal day that the new Stars and Stripes flag was adopted. [ 20 ] After making the necessity preparations, Jones sailed for France on November 1, 1777, with orders to assist the American induce however possible. The american commissioners in France were Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, and they listened to Jones ‘s strategic recommendations. They promised him the dominate of Indien, a fresh vessel being constructed for America in Amsterdam. Britain, however, was able to divert L’Indien away from american hands by exerting imperativeness to ensure its sale to France alternatively ( which had not yet allied with America ). [ 21 ] Jones was again left without a command, an unpleasant admonisher of his stagnation in Boston from late 1776 until early 1777. It is thought that during this time Jones developed his close friendship with Benjamin Franklin, whom he greatly admired. On February 6, 1778, France signed the Treaty of Alliance with America, formally recognizing the independence of the new American republic. Eight days late, Captain Jones ‘s Ranger became the first base american naval vessel to be formally saluted by the french, with a nine-gun salute fired from captain Lamotte-Piquet ‘s flagship. Jones wrote of the event : “ I accepted his offer all the more for after all it was a recognition of our independence and in the nation ”. On April 10, 1778, Jones set sail from Brest, France, for the western coasts of Great Britain .

Ranger attacks the british [edit ]

Jones had some early successes against british merchant shipping in the Irish Sea. He persuaded his gang on April 17, 1778, to participate in an rape on Whitehaven, the town where his maritime career had begun. [ 22 ] Jones later wrote about the poor people command qualities of his senior officers ( having tactfully avoided such matters in his official report ) : “ ‘Their object ‘, they said, ‘was gain not honor ‘. They were poor : alternatively of encouraging the morale of the crew, they excited them to disobedience ; they persuaded them that they had the properly to judge whether a measure that was proposed to them was good or bad ”. [ 23 ] As it happened, contrary winds forced them to abandon the attempt and drove Ranger towards Ireland, causing more fuss for british ship on the way .
A paint of Whitehaven Cumberland, on the northwest slide of England, by Matthias Read ( between 1730 and 1735 ) On April 20, 1778, Jones learned from captured sailors that the Royal Navy sloop of war HMS Drake was anchored off Carrickfergus, Ireland. According to the diary of Ranger ‘s surgeon, [ 24 ] Jones ‘s first intention was to attack the vessel in broad daylight, but his sailors were “ unwilling to undertake it ” ( another incident omitted from the official report ). therefore, the attack took plaza just after midnight, but the copulate responsible for dropping the anchor to halt Ranger right aboard Drake misjudged the timing in the benighted ( Jones claimed in his memoirs that the man was drink ), so Jones had to cut his anchor cable and run. The wind shifted, and Ranger recrossed the Irish Sea to make another attack at raiding Whitehaven .
captain Michael Gordon, USN receives in 2005 a transcript of the local newspaper from April 1778 from the chair of the Whitehaven Harbour Commissioners, Gordon Thomson Jones led the assault with two boats of fifteen men just after midnight on April 23, 1778, hoping to set burn to and sink all Whitehaven ‘s ships anchored in harbor, which numbered between 200 and 400 wooden vessels and consisted of a full merchant fleet and many coal transporters. They besides hoped to terrorize the town by lighting foster fires. As it happened, the journey to shore was slowed by the still-shifting tip, ampere well as a strong ebb tide. They successfully spiked the township ‘s large defensive guns to prevent them being fired, but lighting fires proved unmanageable, as the lanterns in both boats had run out of fuel. To remedy this, some of the party were sent to raid a public house on the quayside, but the enticement to stop for a quick toast led to a farther check. Dawn was breaking by the time they returned and began the arson attacks, then efforts were concentrated on the coal ship Thompson in the hope that the flames would spread to adjacent vessels, all grounded by the low tide. however, in the twilight, one of the crowd slipped away and alarm residents on a harbourside street. A fire alert was sounded, and large numbers of people came running to the quay, forcing the Americans to retreat, and extinguishing the flames with the town ‘s two fire-engines. The town ‘s hopes of sinking Jones ‘s boats with cannon fire were dashed because of the prudent spike. [ 25 ]
John Paul Jones seizing Lady Selkirk ‘s silverware Jones future crossed the Solway Firth from Whitehaven to Scotland, hoping to hold for ransom Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk, who lived on St Mary ‘s Isle near Kirkcudbright. The earl, Jones reasoned, could be exchanged for american sailors impressed into the Royal Navy. The Earl was discovered to be absent from his estate, so his wife entertained the officers and conducted negotiations. canadian historian Peter C. Newman gives recognition to the govern for protecting the unseasoned heir to the Earldom of Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, and to the butler for filling a dismissal half with char, and topping it up with the syndicate silver, in ordering to fob off the Americans. [ 26 ] Jones claimed that he intended to return directly to his ship and continue seeking prizes elsewhere, but his crowd wished to “ pillage, burn, and plunder all they could ”. ultimately, Jones allowed the crowd to seize a ash grey plate set adorned with the family ‘s emblem to placate their desires, but nothing else. Jones bought the plate himself when it was late sold off in France, and returned it to the Earl of Selkirk after the war. The attacks on St Mary ‘s Isle and Whitehaven resulted in no prizes or profits which would be shared with the crew under normal circumstances. [ 27 ] Throughout the mission, the crew acted as if they were aboard a privateer, not a warship, led by Lieutenant Thomas Simpson, Jones ‘s second-in-command .

Return to Ireland

Read more: A Man Quotes Maritime Law To Avoid Ticket

[edit ]

Jones by Moreau lupus erythematosus Jeune, 1780 Jones led Ranger back across the Irish Sea, hoping to make another attempt at the Drake, still anchored off Carrickfergus. This clock, belated in the good afternoon of April 24, 1778, the ships, roughly equal in firepower, engaged in combat. Earlier in the day, the Americans had captured the crew of a reconnaissance boat, and learned that Drake had taken on dozens of soldiers, with the intention of grappling and boarding Ranger, so Jones made certain that did not happen, capturing Drake after an hour-long grease-gun struggle which cost the british captain his life. Lieutenant Simpson was given dominate of Drake for the return travel to Brest. The ships separated during the return journey as Ranger chased another prize, leading to a conflict between Simpson and Jones. Both ships arrived at port safely, but Jones filed for a court-martial of Simpson, keeping him detained on the ship. partially through the influence of John Adams, who was still serving as a commissioner in France, Simpson was released from Jones ‘s accusation. Adams implies in his memoirs that the overwhelm majority of the tell supported Simpson ‘s claims. Adams seemed to believe Jones was hoping to monopolize the mission ‘s glory, specially by detaining Simpson on display panel while he celebrated the get with numerous crucial european dignitaries. [ 28 ] even with the wealth of perspectives, including the commanding officer ‘s, [ 23 ] it is unmanageable if not impossible to tell precisely what occurred. It is clear, however, that the crew felt alienated by their commander, who might well have been motivated by his pride. Jones believed his intentions were honest, and his actions were strategically essential to the Revolution. Regardless of any controversy surrounding the mission, Ranger ‘s capture of Drake was one of the Continental Navy ‘s few significant military victories during the Revolution. Ranger ‘s victory became an important symbol of the American spirit and served as an inspiration for the permanent wave establishment of the United States Navy after the rotation .

Bonhomme Richard [edit ]

Action Between the Serapis and Bonhomme Richard by The paintingby Richard Paton, published 1780 Serapis under an “unknown flag.” The “ John Paul Jones flag “ was entered into dutch records to help Jones debar charges of piracy when he captured theunder an “ strange flag. ” In 1779, Captain Jones took command of the 42-gun USS Bonhomme Richard, [ 29 ] a merchant ship rebuild and given to America by the french ship baron, Jacques-Donatien Le Ray. On August 14, as a huge french and spanish invasion fleet approached England, he provided a diversion by heading for Ireland at the head of a five ship squadron including the 36-gun USS Alliance, 32-gun USS Pallas, 12-gun USS Vengeance, and Le Cerf, besides accompanied by two privateers, Monsieur and Granville. When the squadron was only a few days out of Groix, Monsieur separated due to a disagreement between her master and Jones. several Royal Navy warships were sent towards Ireland in pursuit of Jones, but on this juncture, he continued good around the north of Scotland into the North Sea. Jones ‘s chief problems, as on his former ocean trip, resulted from insubordination, peculiarly by Pierre Landais, captain of Alliance. On September 23, 1779, the squadron met a large merchant convoy off the coast of Flamborough Head, East Yorkshire. The 50-gun british frigate HMS Serapis and the 22-gun hire armed ship Countess of Scarborough placed themselves between the convoy and Jones ‘s squadron, allowing the merchants to escape. shortly after 7 post meridiem the Battle of Flamborough Head began. Serapis booked Bonhomme Richard, and soon afterwards, Alliance fired, from a considerable distance, at Countess. Quickly recognizing that he could not win a battle of big guns, and with the tip die, Jones made every attempt to lock Richard and Serapis together ( his celebrated, albeit apocryphal, citation “ I have not so far begun to fight ! ” was said to have been uttered in reply to a need to surrender in this phase of the conflict ), last succeeding after about an hour, following which his deck guns and his Marine marksmen in the rig began clearing the british decks. Alliance sailed past and fired a circular, doing at least arsenic much damage to Richard as to Serapis. interim, Countess of Scarborough had enticed Pallas downwind of the main struggle, beginning a discriminate date. When Alliance approached this contest, about an hour after it had begun, the badly damaged Countess surrendered .
“ Paul Jones the Pirate ”, british caricature With Bonhomme Richard burning and sink, it seems that her ensign was shot away ; when one of the officers, apparently believing his captain to be dead, shouted a surrender, the british commander asked, seriously this time, if they had struck their colours. Jones late remembered saying something like “ I am determined to make you strike ”, but the words allegedly heard by crew-members and reported in newspapers a few days late were more like : “ I may sink, but I ‘ll be damned if I strike ”. An undertake by the british to board Bonhomme Richard was thwarted, and a grenade caused the plosion of a large quantity of gunpowder on Serapis ‘s lower gun-deck. Alliance returned to the chief conflict, firing two broadsides. Again, these did at least vitamin a much damage to Richard as to Serapis, but the tactic worked to the extent that, unable to move, and with Alliance keeping well out of the line of his own great guns, Captain Pearson of Serapis accepted that prolonging the battle could achieve nothing, so he surrendered. Most of Bonhomme Richard ‘s crowd immediately transferred to other vessels, and after a day and a one-half of delirious repair efforts, it was decided that the ship could not be saved, so it was allowed to sink, and Jones took command of Serapis for the slip to the island of Texel in neutral ( but American-sympathizing ) Holland. In the watch year, the King of France Louis XVI, honored him with the title “ Chevalier “. Jones accepted the honor, and desired the title to be used thereafter : when the Continental Congress in 1787 resolved that a decoration of gold be struck in memorial of his “ heroism and brainy services ” it was to be presented to “ Chevalier John Paul Jones ”. He besides received from Louis XVI a decoration of “ l’Institution du Mérite Militaire ” and a sword. By contrast, in Britain at this time, he was normally denigrated as a plagiarist. Jones was besides admitted as an original penis of The Society of the Cincinnati in the express of Pennsylvania when it was established in 1783. [ 30 ]

russian service [edit ]

In June 1782, Jones was appointed to command the 74-gun USS America, but his command fell through when Congress decided to give America to the french as substitute for the wrecked Le Magnifique. As a result, he was given assignment in Europe in 1783 to collect prize money due his erstwhile hands. At length, this besides exhale and Jones was left without prospects for active employment, leading him on April 23, 1787, to enter into the service of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, who placed bang-up confidence in Jones, saying : “ He will get to Constantinople “. He was granted name as a french subject Павел де Жонес ( Pavel de Zhones, Paul de Jones ). [ 31 ] Jones avowed his intention, however, to preserve the condition of an american citizen and officer. As a rear admiral aboard the 24-gun flagship Vladimir, he took separate in the naval campaign in the Dnieper-Bug Liman ( an arm of the Black Sea, into which flow the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers ) against the Turks, in concert with the Dnieper Flotilla commanded by Prince Charles of Nassau-Siegen. Jones ( and Nassau-Siegen ) repulsed the Ottoman forces from the area, but the jealous intrigues of Nassau-Siegen ( and possibly Jones ‘s own inaptitude for Imperial politics ) turned the russian commanding officer Prince Grigory Potemkin against Jones [ 32 ] and he was recalled to St. Petersburg for the feign determination of being transferred to a dominate in the North Sea. Another factor may have been the resentment of several ex-British naval officers besides in russian use, who regarded Jones as a renegade and refused to speak to him. Whatever motivated the Prince, once recalled he was compelled to remain in groundlessness, while equal officers plotted against him and flush maliciously assailed his individual character through accusations of sexual misbehave. In April 1789, Jones was arrested and accused of raping a 10-year-old daughter named Katerina, a daughter of a german immigrant named Goltzwart or Koltzwarthen, who had a dairy business. [ 33 ] But the Count de Segur, the french example at the russian court ( and besides Jones ‘s end supporter in the capital ), conducted his own personal probe into the count and was able to convince Potemkin that the girlfriend had not been raped and that Jones had been accused by Prince de Nassau-Siegen for his own purposes ; [ 34 ] Jones, however, admitted to prosecutors that he had “ much frolicked ” with the girl “ for a little cash payment ”, only denying that he had deprived her of her virginity. [ 35 ] even so, in that time period he was able to author his Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman. On June 8, 1788, Jones was awarded the order of St. Anne, but he left the following month, an embitter man. In 1789 Jones arrived in Warsaw, Poland, where he befriended Tadeusz Kościuszko, another veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Kościuszko advised him to leave the service of the autocratic Russia, and serve another world power, suggesting Sweden. Despite Kościuszko ‘s back, the Swedes, while reasonably concern, in the end decided not to recruit Jones. [ 36 ]

late life [edit ]

In May 1790, Jones arrived in Paris. He still retained his position as russian rear admiral, with a correspond pension which allowed him to remain in retirement until his death two years late, although he made a count of attempts to re-enter the avail in the russian navy. By this prison term, his memoirs had been published in Edinburgh. Inspired by them, James Fenimore Cooper and Alexandre Dumas late wrote their own gamble novels. According to Walter Herrick :

Jones was a sailor of indomitable courage, of strong will, and of great ability in his chosen career…. He was also a hypocrite, a brawler, a rake, and a professional and social climber.[37]

death [edit ]

In June 1792, Jones was appointed U.S. Consul to treat with the Dey of Algiers for the dismissal of american english captives. Before Jones was able to fulfill his appointment, he was found dead lying face-down on his go to bed in his third-floor Paris apartment, No. 19 Rue de Tournon, on July 18, 1792. He was 45 years erstwhile. The cause of end was interstitial nephritis. [ 38 ] A small emanation of servants, friends and patriotic family walked his body four miles ( 6.4 kilometer ) for burial. He was buried in Paris at the Saint Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the french royal class. Four years late, France ‘s revolutionary government sold the property and the cemetery was forgotten. [ citation needed ]

exhumation and reburying [edit ]

Jones and John Barry, honored on U.S. Postage, Navy Issue of 1937 In 1905, Jones ‘ remains were identified by U.S. Ambassador to France Gen. Horace Porter, who had searched for six years to track down the body using defective copies of Jones ‘s burying record. [ citation needed ] After Jones ‘s death, Frenchman Pierrot Francois Simmoneau donated over 460 francs to mummify the consistency. It was preserved in alcohol and interred in a leave coffin “ in the event that should the United States decide to claim his remains, they might more easily be identified. ” Porter knew what to look for in his search. With the care of an previous map of Paris, Porter ‘s team, which included anthropologist Louis Capitan, identified the locate of the former St. Louis Cemetery for Alien Protestants. Sounding probes were used to search for precede coffins and five coffins were ultimately exhumed. The third gear, excavate on April 7, 1905, was later identified by a postmortem examen by Doctors Capitan and Georges Papillault as being that of Jones. The autopsy confirmed the original listing of cause of death. The font was late compared to a raid by Jean-Antoine Houdon. [ 39 ] Jones ‘s consistency was brought to the United States aboard the USS Brooklyn ( CA-3 ), escorted by three other cruisers. On approaching the american coastline, seven U.S. Navy battleships joined the emanation escorting Jones ‘s torso back to America. On April 24, 1906, Jones ‘s coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, following a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt who gave a speech paying tribute to Jones and holding him up as an model to the officers of the Navy. [ 40 ] On January 26, 1913, the Captain ‘s remains were finally re-interred in a brilliant bronze and marble sarcophagus at the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis. [ 41 ] [ 42 ]

excuse by the town and port of Whitehaven in 1999 [edit ]

Jones was given an honorary amnesty in 1999 by the Port of Whitehaven for his foray on the town, in the presence of Lt. Steve Lyons representing the US Naval Attaché to the UK, and Yuri Fokine the russian Ambassador to the UK. The US Navy were besides awarded the Freedom of the Port of Whitehaven, the only time the honor has been granted in its 400-year history. [ 43 ] The Pardon and Freedom were arranged by Gerard Richardson as share of the launch of the series of Maritime Festival. Richardson ‘s of Whitehaven, a wine and coffee merchants in the town, is now the honorary Consulate to the US Navy for the Town and Port of Whitehaven. The Consul is rear Admiral ( retired ) US Navy, Steve Morgan and the Deputy Consul is Rob Romano. [ 44 ]

In democratic culture [edit ]

See besides [edit ]

References [edit ]

bibliography [edit ]

far read [edit ]