The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
(Part I, 16th-17th centuries)

Following the great Discoveries at the end of the fifteenth century – in particular the discovery of America and the possibility up of sea routes between Europe and the East Indies – Portugal and Spain established trade networks which contributed to the universe of the first ball-shaped economy.

The first base colonial empires made a thick impact on the peoples living in these regions, peculiarly in America and Africa .

The Portuguese Empire (16th – 17th centuries)

At the beginning of the 16th century, thanks to their superior navigational skills, Portugal was able to create the largest commercial and maritime empire the world had ever seen. It extended from South America to the Far East, and along the coastlines of Africa and India.
At the get down of the sixteenth hundred, thanks to their superior navigational skills, Portugal was able to create the largest commercial and nautical conglomerate the world had always seen. It extended from South America to the Far East, and along the coastlines of Africa and India.

Portuguese expansion in the Indian Ocean

portuguese expansion in the amerind Ocean, after Vasco district attorney Gama ’ s first ocean trip, was noteworthy.

The first two Viceroys, Francisco de Almeida and Afonso de Albuquerque, founded a network of deal posts and fortresses along the coast. The Treaty of Saragossa 1529 confirmed portuguese dominance in the indian Ocean .

Portugal’s maritime routes in the 16th century

Thanks to their skills in long-distance navigation and their network of deal posts, the Portuguese took over deal routes linking the Persian Gulf, the African slide and the western coast of India which were previously controlled by Arab intermediaries. From their base in Malacca, they became involved in trade with the Far East .

Establishment of the Spanish Empire

Following Christopher Columbus ’ discovery of the Caribbean islands, the Treaty of Tordesillas confirmed Spain ’ sulfur dominion over territories in the New World, which at the fourth dimension Europeans called the Indies.

Spain ’ s conquest of the Americas was rapid and brutal. It besides led to the insertion of raw diseases that decimated the autochthonal peoples .

The Treaties of Tordesillas (1494) and Saragossa (1529)

The first successful expeditions across the Atlantic Ocean raised the question of what to do with the archipelagos and new lands discovered by these navigators.

In 1479, Portugal and Castile signed an initial treaty confirming Castile ’ s district over the Canaries, while recognizing Portugal ’ s monopoly on the African coast .

The conquest of the Aztec Empire

Chosen by the Governor of Cuba to explore the coast of the american continent, Hernan Cortés landed in the region now known as Mexico with only a few hundred men on 22 April 1519.

There, he met and made alliances with the Totonac Indians who told him about their hostility towards the Aztecs and the riches to be found in the city of Tenochtitlan .

The Conquest of the Inca Empire

At the begin of the sixteenth hundred, the Inca Empire covered the Andes from the Equator to northern Chile, a territory of about 4,000 kilometers in distance.

By the time the spanish arrived, a power struggle had lead to a civil war that weakened the Inca empire .

Organization of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century

The spanish king ’ s authority in the Empire was delegated to two branch bodies : The Council of the Indies and the Casa de la Contratacion ( or the House of Trade ).

The Empire ’ mho territories on the american continent were divided into two vice-royalties : New Spain and Peru .

Seville and its monopoly on trans-Atlantic trade

In the early on years of the sixteenth century, the kingdom of Spain had a monopoly on trans-Atlantic barter with its colonies.

Seville stands on the River Guadalquivir, 90 kilometers inland from the seashore, and was the only interface authorized to trade with America .

Gold and silver from the New World

One of the key factors in the conquest of the New World was the search for gold and cherished metals.

On their arrival in the Antilles, and late on the american english continent, the spanish Conquistadors took all the amber amassed by the Indians, largely in the form of jewels and religious objects .

Convoys of Spanish ships to the Indies

Merchant ships sailing between Seville and the Americas were in danger of attacks from pirates, and it was therefore distinct to make them travel in convoy.

Beginning in the mid-16th hundred, two convoys were organized each year : one to Veracruz in New Spain, and the other to Cartagena and Nombre de Dios.

The Manila Galleon

The longest and most ambitious deal road opened up by the spanish in the sixteenth century was the passage across the Pacific, between the Philippines and America.

This ocean road led to the development of newly commercial opportunities linking China, America and Europe across the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans .