inquiry [edit ]
Some of the findings from research on MIDs :
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- Research using a continuous measure of democracy shows that the most democratic nations have few MIDs with one another. There is an ongoing debate regarding whether it is the most authoritarian or the intermediate regimes that have the most MIDs.[5]
- When examining these MIDs in more detail, the disputes between democracies have on the average more hostility, but are less likely to involve third parties, hostility is less likely to be reciprocated, when reciprocated the response is usually proportional to the provocation, and the disputes are less likely to cause any loss of life.[6]
- Enduring militarized competition between democratic states is rare. After both states have become democratic, there is a decreasing probability for MIDs within a year and this decreases almost to zero within five years.[7]
- Democracies do sometimes attack nondemocracies. Many earlier papers found that democracies in general are as warlike as nondemocracies, but according to several recent papers democracies are overall slightly less involved in war, initiate wars and MIDs less frequently than nondemocracies, and tend more frequently to seek negotiated resolutions.[8]
- Most MIDs by democracies since 1950 have involved four nations: the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, and India.[9]
- MIDs between Western democracies occur to a large degree over maritime territory as opposed to land territory.[10][11][12]
The CoW Militarized Interstate Dispute ( MID ) dataset [edit ]
The Correlates of War ( CoW ) Militarized Interstate Dispute ( MID ) dataset is the most extensive dataset on MIDs, and has been the basis of much of the published research on MIDs. [ 13 ] [ 14 ]
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Some studies have characterized the dataset as flawed. A 2012 survey found that the dataset “ much coded incorrectly ” the outcomes of disputes where threats of wedge were issued, with implications for research on the democratic peace and consultation costs. [ 15 ] A 2017 survey found that the gull in the dataset was deeply flawed with significant effects on the findings of studies that relied on the dataset :
After rigorously applying MID gull rules, we recommend dropping 251 cases ( or all over 10 % of the dataset ), as either we were unable to find a militarize incidental in the historic read or the dispute appeared elsewhere in the data. We found evidence linking 75 disputes to early cases, and we could not identify 19 cases in the diachronic record. Among the remaining disputes, we recommend major changes ( changes in challenge class, fatality level, and participants ) in 234 disputes and minor changes in 1,009 disputes. Though we identified several taxonomic problems with the master tease effort, we besides find that these problems do not affect stream understandings of what predicts the attack of interstate conflict. however, estimates in our replications of three holocene studies of quarrel escalation, quarrel duration, and dispute reciprocation all witness significant changes when using corrected data—to the point of reversing previous conclusions in some cases. [ 13 ]
