Humid subtropical climate – Wikipedia

Cfa

Cwa

zones of the universe according to a modified Köppen climate classification that uses a doorsill of 0 °C ( 32 °F ) for the coldest month. A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, broadly between latitudes 25° and 40° and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates. It is besides known as warm temperate climate in some climate classifications. Under the Köppen climate classification, Cfa and Cwa climates are either described as humid subtropical climates or quick temperate climates. This climate features average temperature in the coldest calendar month between 0 °C ( 32 °F ) or −3 °C ( 27 °F ) and 18 °C ( 64 °F ) and mean temperature in the warmest calendar month 22 °C ( 72 °F ) or higher. however, while some climatologists have opted to describe this climate type as a “ humid subtropical climate ”, [ 1 ] Köppen himself never used this term. The humid subtropical climate categorization was formally created under the Trewartha climate classification. [ citation needed ] In this classification, climates are termed humid subtropical when they have at least 8 months with a mean temperature above 10 °C ( 50 °F ). While many subtropical climates tend to be located at or near coastal locations, in some cases, they extend inland, most notably in China and the United States, where they exhibit more marked seasonal variations and sharper contrasts between summer and winter, as part of a gradient between the more tropical climates of the southerly coasts and the more continental climates to the north and far inland. As such, the climate can be said to exhibit reasonably different features depending on whether it is found inland, or in a maritime status .

Characteristics [edit ]

In a humid subtropical climate, summers are typically long, hot and humid. monthly mean summer temperatures are normally between 24 and 27 °C ( 75 and 81 °F ). A thick current of tropical tune dominates the humid subtropics at the time of high sun, and daily acute ( but brief ) convective thundershowers are common. Summer high temperatures are typically in the high 20s to mid-30s °C ( 80s or 90s °F ), while overnight lows in the summer are typically in the lower 20s °C ( 70s °F ). monthly average temperatures in winter are often mild, typically averaging 7.5 to 16 °C ( 45.5 to 60.8 °F ). Daytime highs in winter normally are in the 10 to 16 °C ( 50 to 61 °F ) range, while overnight lows are from 2 to 7 °C ( 36 to 45 °F ), though the poleward boundaries of this climate feature cold temperatures. [ 2 ] Rainfall much shows a summer extremum, specially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia. early areas have a more consistent or varying rain cycles, but systematically lack any predictably dry summer months. Most summer rain occurs during thunderstorms that build up due to the intense surface heating and hard subtropical sunday slant. Weak tropical lows that move in from adjacent warm tropical oceans, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as infrequent tropical storms often contribute to summer seasonal worker rain peaks. Winter rain is frequently associated with large storms in the westerlies that have fronts that reach down into subtropical latitudes. however, many subtropical climates such as southeasterly Asia and Florida in the United States have very dry winters, with frequent brush fires and water shortages. Under the Holdridge life zones classification, the subtropical climates have a biotemperature between the freeze or critical temperature line, 16 to 18 °C ( 61 to 64 °F ) ( depending on locations in the global ) and 24 °C ( 75 °F ), and these climates are humid ( or tied perhumid or superhumid ) when the potential evapotranspiration ( PET ) ratio ( = PET / Precipitation ) is less than 1. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In the Holdridge classification, the humid subtropical climates coincide more or less with the warmest Cfa and Cwa climates and the less warm humid tropical “ Köppen ” climates ( Aw, Am and Af ) .

Breakdown of letters [edit ]

Cfa : C = Mild temperate f = Fully humid a = Hot Summer Cwa : C = Mild temperate w = Dry Winter a = Hot Summer [ 5 ] [ 6 ]

Locations [edit ]

Africa [edit ]

In Africa, humid subtropical climates are primarily found in the southerly hemisphere of the celibate. The Cwa climate is found over a boastfully helping of the inside of the Middle and eastern african regions. This area includes central Angola, northeastern Zimbabwe, the Niassa, Manica and Tete provinces of Mozambique, the southerly Congo provinces, southwest Tanzania, and the majority of Malawi, and Zambia. Some lower portions of the ethiopian Highlands besides have this climate. The climate is besides found in the specialize coastal sections of southerly and eastern South Africa, primarily in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape provinces. South Africa ‘s version of this climate features intemperate oceanic influences resulting in broadly milder temperatures. This is peculiarly discernible in its winters when temperatures do not drop adenine low as in many early regions within the humid subtropical class .

asia [edit ]

East Asia [edit ]

In East and Southeast Asia, this climate type is found in the southeastern quarter of mainland China from Hong Kong north to Nanjing, the northern half of Taiwan, northern Myanmar, northern Vietnam, north through southerly and cardinal Japan ( Kyushu, Shikoku and half of Honshu ), and the most southern regions of Korea ( the south coast and Jeju island ). Cities near the equatorward boundary of this zone include Hong Kong, Hanoi and Taipei ; while Tokyo, Busan and Qingdao are near the northern boundary. The influence of the potent siberian anticyclone in East Asia brings colder winter temperatures than in the humid subtropical zones in North America, South America, and Australia. The 0 °C ( 32 °F ) isotherm reaches as far south as the valley of the Yellow and Wei rivers, approximately latitude 34° N. At Hainan Island and in Taiwan, the climate transitions from subtropical into tropical. In most of this region, the winter monsoon is very well develop, as such eastern Asian humid subtropical zones have a potent winter dry season and heavy summer rain. only in inland areas below the Yangtze River and coastal areas between approximately the Huai River and the beginning of the coast of Guangdong is there sufficient winter rain to produce a Cfa climate ; even in these areas, rain and streamflow display a highly marked summer acme, unlike early regions of this climate type. Drought can be dangerous and much catastrophic to agriculture in the Cwa zone. The only area where winter precipitation equals or even exceeds the summer rain is around the San’in region at the western slide of Japan, which during winter is on the windward side of the westerlies. The winter haste in these regions is normally produced by low-pressure systems off the east coast that develop in the onshore flow from the siberian high. Summer rain comes from the East asian Monsoon and from patronize typhoons. Annual rain is broadly over 1,000 millimetres ( 39 in ), and in areas below the Himalayas can be a lot higher still .

South Asia [edit ]

Humid subtropical climates can besides be found in South Asia. however, the humid subtropical climates exhibited here typically differ markedly from those in East Asia ( and for that count a good helping of the globe ). Winters here are typically mild, dry and relatively short. They besides tend to be fogged. Summers tend to be long and very hot, starting from mid-april and peaking in May and early June with eminent temperatures frequently exceeding 40 °C ( 104 °F ). They besides tend to be highly dry, complete with dust storms, traits normally associated with arid or semi-arid climates. During this period many native trees defoliate to save body of water. This is followed by the cooler monsoons, where the area experiences heavy rains on about a daily basis. average gamey temperatures decrease during the monsoon season, but humidity increases. This results in hot and humid conditions, exchangeable to summers in early humid subtropical climates. Cities such as New Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur and Patna exhibit this atypical translation of the climate in India. In Pakistan, the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, vitamin a well as the city of Swabi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, feature this weather radiation pattern. In Bangladesh, cities like Rangpur, Saidpur and Dinajpur in northern region features the monsoon discrepancy ( Cwa ), where rain peaks at the monsoon season. Like neighboring Northern Indian plains, this region besides shows a distinct three season pattern- relatively dry and identical hot summer ( March- early june ), highly wet, cooler Monsoon seson ( June- September ), and mild, bleary winter and fall ( late October- February ) Humid subtropical climates can besides be found in Nepal. however the nepalese adaptation of the climate by and large do not feature the extreme hot spells that are banal for many other South asian locations with this climate. In nepal cities such as Kathmandu, Pokhara, Butwal, Birgunj and Biratnagar feature this iteration of the climate. In South Asia, humid subtropical climates by and large border on continental climates as altitude increases, or on winter-rainfall climates in western areas of Pakistan and northwestern India ( e.g. Peshawar in northwestern Pakistan or Srinagar in the Kashmir Valley in India, where the basal precipitation bill occurs in March, not July or August ). Further east, in highland areas with lengthier monsoons such as Nepal, seasonal temperature variation is lower than in the lowlands .

western Asia [edit ]

Although humid subtropical climates in Asia are largely confined to the southeast quarter of the continent, there are two narrow-minded areas along the coast of the Caspian Sea and Black Sea with humid subtropical climates. Summers in these locations are cooler than distinctive humid subtropical climates and snow in winter is relatively coarse, but is normally of a light duration. In western Asia, the climate is prevailing in the Gilan, Māzandarān and Golestan Provinces of Iran, in parts of the Caucasus, in Azerbaijan and in Georgia wedged between the Caspian and Black seas and coastal ( Black Sea ) Turkey, albeit having more oceanic influence.

annual rain ranges from around 740 millimetres ( 29.1 in ) at Sari to over 2,000 millimetres ( 79 in ) at Bandar-e Anzali, and is heavy throughout the year, with a maximal in October or November when Bandar-e Anzali can average 400 millimetres ( 16 inches ). Temperatures are broadly mince in comparison with other parts of western Asia. During winter, the coastal areas can receive snow, which is normally of a brusque duration. In Rasht, the average maximum in July is around 28 °C ( 82 °F ) but with near-saturation humidity, whilst in January it is around 9 °C ( 48 °F ). The heavy, evenly distributed rain extends north into the caspian coastal strip of Azerbaijan up to its northern frame but this climate in Azerbaijan is, however, a Cfb / Cfa ( Oceanic climate / Humid subtropical climate ) boundary line shell. [ 10 ] western Georgia ( Batumi and Kutaisi ) in the Kolkheti Lowland and the northeast coast of Turkey ( Giresun ), have a climate like to that of Gilan and Mazandaran in Iran and identical similar to that of southeast and northern Azerbaijan. Temperatures range from 22 °C ( 72 °F ) in summer to 5 °C ( 41 °F ) in winter and rain is even heavier than in caspian Iran, up to 2,300 millimetres ( 91 in ) per year in Hopa ( Turkey ). These climates are a Cfb / Cfa ( Oceanic climate / Humid subtropical climate ) borderline case .

North America [edit ]

In North America, humid subtropical climates are found in the American Gulf and lower East Coast states, including Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. On the Florida peninsula, the humid subtropical climate gives way to the tropical climate of South Florida and the Florida Keys .

Under Köppen ‘s climate classification, this zone includes locations further north, chiefly Virginia, Kentucky, the lower elevations of West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, extreme southern New York around New York City and sections of Long Island. It can besides be found in the lower Midwest, chiefly in the central and southerly portions of Kansas and Missouri, and the far southern portions of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. In Mexico, there are little areas of Cfa and Cwa climates. The climate can be found in minor areas scattered around the northeastern part of the nation, in proximity to the Gulf of Mexico. other areas where the climate can be found is in the high elevations of Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental. Despite being located at higher elevations, these locations have summers that are excessively warm to qualify as a subtropical highland climate. Guadalajara ‘s climate is a major exemplar of this. Outside of sequester sections of Mexico, the southernmost limits of this climate zone in North America lie good north of South Florida and around southern coastal Texas. Cities at the southernmost limits, such as Tampa and Orlando and along the Texas coast around Corpus Christi down toward Brownsville generally feature warmly upwind year-round and minimal temperature differences between seasons. In contrast, cities at the northernmost limits of the climate partition such as New York, Philadelphia and Louisville have hot, humid summers and chilly winters. These areas have average winter temperatures at the coldest limit of climates classed as humid subtropical. Snowfall varies greatly in this climate zone. In locations at the southern limits of this partition and areas around the Gulf Coast, cities such as Orlando, Tampa, Houston, New Orleans, and Savannah rarely see snow, which occurs, at most, a few times per generation. In southern cities farther north or inland, such as Atlanta, Birmingham, Charlotte, Dallas, Memphis, Nashville, Oklahoma City, and Raleigh, snow only occasionally falls and is normally three inches or less. however, for the majority of the winter here, temperatures remain above or well above freezing. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] At the northernmost limits of this zone, cities such as New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore typically see snow during the winter, with casual heavy snowstorms. still, average temperatures during a typical winter brood merely above freezing at these locations. [ 13 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Precipitation is plentiful in the humid subtropical climate zone in North America – but with meaning variations in terms of wettest/driest months and seasons. a lot of the inside South, including Tennessee, Kentucky, and the northerly halves of Mississippi and Alabama, tends to have a winter or jump ( not summer ) precipitation maximum. Closer to the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, there is a summer maximal, with July or August normally the wettest calendar month – as at Norfolk, Cape Hatteras and Jacksonville, North Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, Mobile, Alabama and New Orleans. A likeness of a monsoon convention ( dry winters/wet summers ) is apparent along the Atlantic coast from southerly North Carolina ( Wilmington, North Carolina area ) south to Florida. The seasonal worker monsoon is much stronger on the Florida peninsula, as most locations in Florida have dry winters and moisture summers. In addition, areas in Texas that are slenderly inland from the Gulf of Mexico, such as Austin and San Antonio that border the semi-arid climate zone, generally see a peak of precipitation in May, a drought-like nadir in mid-summer and a secondary, if not peer, precipitation point in September or October. Areas further south along South Texas ‘ Gulf Coast ( Brownsville ), which closely border tropical climate classification, typically have a potent September precipitation maximum, and a inclination toward dry conditions in winter with rain increasing in spring, with December or January frequently the driest months .

South America [edit ]

Humid subtropical climates are found in a goodly dowry of South America. The climate extends over a few states of southern Brazil, including Paraná, into sections of Paraguay, all of Uruguay and central Argentina ( Pampas region ). major cities such as São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Porto Alegre and Montevideo, have a humid subtropical climate, by and large in the kind of hot and humid summers, and mild to cool winters. These areas, which include the Pampas, by and large feature a Cfa climate categorization. At 38°S, the Argentine city of Bahía Blanca lies on the southerly limit of the humid subtropical zone. The Cwa climate occurs in parts of tropical highlands of São Paulo express, Mato Grosso do Sul and near the Andean upland in northwestern Argentina. These highland areas feature summer temperatures that are warmly enough to fall outside the subtropical highland climate category .

Australia [edit ]

The humid subtropical climate zone predominantly lies in eastern Australia, which begins from the coastal strip of Mackay, Queensland and stretches polish to the southerly slide of Sydney, where it transitions into the cool, oceanic climates. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] From Newcastle, approximately 200 kilometres ( 124 mi ) northeast of Sydney, the Cfa zone would extend to inland New South Wales, excluding the highland regions ( which have an oceanic climate ), stretching towards Dubbo to the northwest and Wagga Wagga to the south, ending at the New South Wales/ Victoria margin ( Albury–Wodonga ). [ 21 ] To note, these places would have characteristics of the semi-arid and/or Mediterranean climates. furthermore, the inland Cfa climates by and large have drier summers, or at least summers with low humidity. [ 22 ] extreme heat is more much experienced in Sydney than in early large cities in Australia ‘s Cfa zone, specially in the western suburbs, where highs over 40 °C ( 104 °F ) are not uncommon. Frost is prevailing in the more inland areas of Sydney, such as Richmond. average annual rain in the Sydney area ranges between 800 and 1,200 millimetres ( 31.5 and 47.2 in ). [ 23 ] There is normally a distinct summer rain maximum that becomes more pronounce moving northwards. In Brisbane, the wettest month ( February ) receives five times the rain of the driest month ( September ). Temperatures are identical quick to hot but are not excessive : the average maximum in February is normally about 29 °C ( 84 °F ) and in July around 21 °C ( 70 °F ). Frosts are extremely rare except at higher elevations, but temperatures over 35 °C ( 95 °F ) are not common on the slide. union of the Cfa climate zone there is a zone centred upon Rockhampton which extends north to the Köppen Cwa classified climate zone of the Atherton Tablelands region. This region has a identical pronounce dry winter period, with frequently negligible rain between June and October. winter temperatures generally lone fall slenderly below 18 °C ( 64 °F ), which would classify the area as a tropical savanna, or Aw, climate. annual rain within Australia ‘s humid subtropical climate zone can reach american samoa senior high school as 2,000 millimetres ( 78.7 in ) in coastal locations and is by and large 1,000 millimetres ( 39.4 in ) or above. The most acute 2-3 day rainfall periods that occur in this coastal zone however are the result of east seashore lows forming to the north of a bombastic high imperativeness system, there can be bang-up variation in rain amounts from year to year as a solution of these systems. As an exemplar Lismore which lies in the concentrate of this zone, the annual rain can range from less than 550 millimetres ( 21.7 in ) in 1915 to more than 2,780 millimetres ( 109.4 in ) in 1950. [ 24 ]

Europe [edit ]

As the celibate lacks a major southeastern sea, humid subtropical climate in Europe is limited to relatively modest areas on the margins of the Mediterranean basin. Cfa zones are by and large transitional between the Mediterranean climate zones along the coast and oceanic and humid continental zones to the west and north .

The Po Valley, in Northern Italy, including major cities such as Milan, Turin, Bologna, and Verona, has a humid subtropical climate, featuring hot, humid summers with frequent thunderstorms ; winters are brumous, damp and chili, with sudden bursts of frost. Some parts of the valley have a mild continental climate. Places along the shores of Lake Maggiore, Lake Lugano, Lake Como ( Como and Verbania in Italy and Lugano in Switzerland ) have a humid subtropical climate with a distinctive high sum of rain during summer. Budapest, Hungary, is merely warm enough to qualify, due to late heating. At 47°N, the city lies on the northerly limit of the humid subtropical zone. The coastal areas in the northern half of the Adriatic Sea besides fall within this climate zone. The cities include Trieste, Venice, and Rimini in Italy, Rijeka and Split in Croatia, Koper in Slovenia and Kotor in Montenegro. early southerly european areas in the Cfa zone include the central valleys and coast of Catalonia of Girona and Barcelona in Spain, some on the northeast of Spain ( Huesca ), West Macedonia in Greece ( Kozani ), the Garonne Valley ( Toulouse ) and Rhone Valley ( Valence ) in France. Along the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria ( Varna ), coast of Romania ( Constanta and Mamaia ), Sochi, Russia and Crimea, have summers besides warm ( > 22 °C ( 72 °F ) in the warmest calendar month ) to qualify as oceanic, no freezing month, and enough summer precipitation and sometimes humid conditions, where they would be fit to be classed under Cfa, though they closely border the humid continental zone. All these areas are subjugate to casual, in some cases repeated snowfalls and freezes during winter. In Central Europe, a little area of humid subtropical climates are located in transitional areas between the oceanic and continental climates in areas where higher summer temperature do not quite qualify it for inclusion in the Oceanic climate outline ( but, in the Trewartha climate categorization, this type of climate is included in that typical of the other areas of central-west Europe, classified as Do -the Temperate Oceanic climate- ) and meek winters do not allow their inclusion body into continental climates. average summer temperatures in areas of Europe with this climate are by and large not ampere hot as most other subtropical zones around the world. In the Azores, some islands have this climate, with very meek and showery winters ( > 13 °C ( 55 °F ) ) and no snow, strong summers ( > 21 °C ( 70 °F ) ) but with no dry season during the warmest menstruation, which means that they can neither be classified as oceanic, nor as Mediterranean, merely as humid subtropical, as with Corvo Island.

In many other climate classification systems outside of the Köppen, most of these locations would not be included in the humid subtropical grouping. The higher summer precipitation and poleward flow of tropical air-masses in summer are not present in Europe as they are in easterly Australia or the southern United States .

Examples [edit ]

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