San Juan, Puerto Rico – Wikipedia

City and Municipality in Puerto Rico
San Juan (, spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; “ Saint John “ ) is the capital city and most-populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated district of the United States. As of the 2010 census, it is the 46th-largest city under the legal power of the United States, with a population of 395,326. San Juan was founded by spanish colonists in 1521, who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( “ City of Puerto Rico ”, Spanish for rich port city ).

Puerto Rico ‘s capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas, after Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic, founded in 1496, and Panama City, in Panama, founded in 1521, [ 5 ] and is the oldest European-established city under United States reign. several historic buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most noteworthy are the city ‘s early defensive forts, Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal, and La Fortaleza, the oldest executive sign of the zodiac in continuous use in the Americas. today, San Juan is Puerto Rico ‘s most important seaport [ 6 ] and is the island ‘s fiscal, cultural, and tourism center. The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area, including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón, Guaynabo, Cataño, Canóvanas, Caguas, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Carolina and Trujillo Alto, is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; therefore, about 80 % of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area. [ 7 ] San Juan is besides a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area. The city has been the server of events within the sports community, including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 cardinal american and caribbean Games ; events of the 2006, 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the especial Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010. The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive. significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019, and particularly by October 2019. This was significant for tourism, which had rebounded by October of that class and was close to the pre-Maria era. [ 8 ]

history

In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the original settlement which he called Caparra. It was named after the Province of Cáceres in Spain, the birthplace of Nicolás de Ovando, then the Governor of Spain ‘s caribbean territories. [ 9 ] today, it is separate of the Pueblo Viejo district of Guaynabo, directly to the west of the modern municipality of San Juan. A year late, the settlement was moved to a site then called Puerto Rico, Spanish for “ rich people port ” or “ good port ”, after its alike geographic features to the township of Puerto Rico de Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. [ 10 ] The local Catholic diocese, the second erstwhile in the Americas and the oldest in the United States, was founded in the newly built liquidation in August 8 of 1511. [ 11 ] In 1521, the new colonization was given its formal name : Ciudad de Puerto Rico de San Juan Bautista. Many of the oldest European-founded institutions in the Western Hemisphere, such as the Santo Tomás de Aquino Convent and the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción Hospital, were established during this time in San Juan. [ 12 ] The ambiguous use of San Juan Bautista and Puerto Rico for both the city and the island in prison term led to a reversal in virtual use by most inhabitants : by 1746 the name for the city ( Puerto Rico ) had become that of the entire island, leading to the city being identified as Puerto Rico de Puerto Rico on maps of the era. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] San Juan, as a colonization of the spanish Empire, was used by merchant and military ships traveling from Spain as the first stopover in the Americas. Because of its bulge in the Caribbean, a network of fortifications was built to protect the transports of gold and silver from the New World to Europe. Because of the rich cargoes, San Juan became a target of the alien powers of the time. [ 16 ] San Juan undergo attacks from the English led by Sir Francis Drake in 1595 ( in what is known as the Battle of Puerto Rico ) and by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, in 1598. artillery from San Juan ‘s fort, El Morro, repelled Drake ; however, Clifford managed to land troops and lay siege to the city. [ 17 ] After a few months of English occupation, Clifford was forced to abandon the siege when his troops began to suffer from debilitation and nausea. In 1625 the city was sacked by dutch forces led by Captain Balduino Enrico ( besides known as Boudewijn Hendricksz/Bowdoin Henrick ), but El Morro withstood the assault and was not taken. The Dutch were counterattacked by Captain Juan de Amézqueta and 50 members of the civilian militia on domain and by the cannons of the spanish troops in El Morro castle. The land battle left 60 dutch soldiers all in and Enrico with a sword wound to his neck which he received from the hands of Amézqueta. [ 18 ] [ unreliable source? ] The dutch ships at sea were boarded by Puerto Ricans who defeated those aboard. After a long battle, the spanish soldiers and volunteers of the city ‘s militia were able to defend the city from the attack and save the island from an invasion. On October 21, Enrico set La Fortaleza and the city ablaze. Captains Amézqueta and Andrés Botello decided to put a stop to the end and led 200 men in an assail against the enemy ‘s front and rear guard. They drove Enrico and his men from their trenches and into the ocean in their hurry to reach their ships. [ 19 ]
San Juan and bay, Puerto Rico, 1766 The british attack in 1797, during the french Revolutionary Wars, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby ( who had just conquered Trinidad ). His army laid siege to the city but was forced to withdraw in kill as the Puerto Rican defenses proved more bouncy than those of Trinidad. respective events and circumstances, including liberalized commerce with Spain, the opening of the island to immigrants as a steer consequence of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815, and the colonial revolutions, led to an expansion of San Juan and other Puerto Rican settlements in the late 18th and early nineteenth hundred. On May 8, 1898, United States Navy ships, among them USS Detroit, USS Indiana, USS New York, USS Amphitrite, USS Terror and USS Montgomery, commanded by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson arrived at San Juan Bay. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] USS Yale captured the spanish bottom Rita in San Juan Bay, frankincense being the first hostile meet between the warring sides in Puerto Rico. On May 9, Yale fought a brief conflict with an auxiliary cabin cruiser of Spain, name unknown, resulting in a spanish victory. Around this clock time, Captain Ángel Rivero Méndez was assigned the command of the spanish forces in the fortress of San Cristóbal in San Juan. On May 10, Yale returned to San Juan Bay, Rivero-Méndez ordered his men to open fire upon Yale using an Ordoñez 15-centimeter cannon, thus becoming the first attack against the Americans in Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War. [ 22 ] For his actions, Captain Rivero-Méndez was awarded the “ Cruz de la Orden de Mérito Militar ” ( The Cross of the Order of the Military Merit ) first class. [ 22 ] The residents of San Juan were angered with Rivero and blamed him for the destruction caused to their city by the american bombardments. nothing came of those accusations and Capt. Rivero-Méndez was ordered to turn over the keys of all the military installations in San Juan to Captain Henry A. Reed of the U.S. Army after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed. [ 22 ] On July 25, General Nelson A. Miles landed at Guánica ( in southwestern Puerto Rico ) with 3,300 soldiers in what was known as the Puerto Rican Campaign. The american military personnel found some electric resistance and engaged the spanish and Puerto Rican troops in struggle, the most luminary of these the battles of Yauco and Asomante. All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended August 13, 1898, after President William McKinley and french Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the spanish government, signed an armistice. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Spain ceded the island to the United States late the lapp year by signing the Treaty of Paris .
La Plaza, San Juan, ca. 1900 Camp Las Casas, located in the zone of Santurce, served as the main education camp for the Puerto Rican soldiers prior to World War I and World War II ; the majority of the men trained in this facility were assigned to the “ Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry ” which was renamed the 65th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army by the Reorganization Act of June 4, 1920. The sixty-fifth Infantry was deactivated in 1956 and became the only unit always to be transferred from an active Army part to the Puerto Rico National Guard. [ 25 ] lieutenant Teófilo Marxuach ( retired as a Lieutenant Colonel ), a native of Arroyo, Puerto Rico, fired the first shoot in what is considered to be the first scene of World War I fired by the unconstipated armed forces of the United States against any ship flying the colors of the Central Powers. [ 26 ] Marxuach, who was a extremity of the “ Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry ” and Officer of the Day, on March 25, 1915, opened fire on the Odenwald, an arm german supply vessel, when it was trying to force its manner out of San Juan ‘s bay. [ 27 ] The shots ordered by Lt. Marxuach were the first gear fired by the United States in World War I. [ 28 ]
A hovel town along the Martín Peña Canal, 1973 In 1919, Félix Rigau Carrera, “ El Aguila de Sabana Grande ” ( The eagle from Sabana Grande ), the first base Puerto Rican pilot burner, became the first native Puerto Rican to fly an aircraft in the island when he flew his curtis JN-4 from Las Casas. At the clock time, the area was used by the military as an vent base and it was besides Puerto Rico ‘s first gear commercial airport, and Rigau Carrera was allowed to perform his historic flight from the vent playing field. [ 29 ] Camp Las Casas was finally closed down, and in 1950 a public caparison project by the name of Residencial Fray Bartolome de Las Casas was constructed on its former location. On January 2, 1947, the people of San Juan elected Felisa Rincón de Gautier ( besides known as Doña Fela ) ( 1897–1994 ) as their mayor. frankincense, she became the first charwoman to be elected as the mayor of a capital city in any of the Americas. [ 30 ] During the Cold War earned run average, she ordered the establishment of the island ‘s first Civil Defense system under the directorship of Colonel Gilberto José Marxuach ( Teófilo ‘s son ). [ 31 ] Rincón de Gautier served as mayor until January 2, 1969. On October 30, 1950, San Juan was the view of the San Juan Uprising, one of many uprisings which occurred in versatile towns and cities in Puerto Rico, by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against the governments of Puerto Rico and the United States. Among the rebellion ‘s independent objective was to attack La Fortaleza and the United States Federal Court House Building in Old San Juan. The “ La Fortaleza battle ”, which ensued between the nationalists and the police lasted 15 minutes and ended when four of the five attackers were killed. [ 32 ]

coating of arms and ease up

Historic coat of arms of San Juan ( spanish rule ) The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms. [ 33 ] On March 8, 1948 the city politics of San Juan formally adopted as the city ‘s first base flag an orange field, in the plaza of which is the coat of arms of the city. The orange color was based and taken from Father Diego de Torres Vargas ‘ textbook and it reads : “ Escudo de armas dado a Puerto Rico por los Reyes Católicos en el año de 1511, siendo Procurador united nations vecino llamado Pedro Moreno. son : united nations cordero blanco bunco su banderilla colorada, sobre united nations libro, y todo sobre una isla verde, que east louisiana de Puerto Rico, y por los lados una F y una I, que quiere decir Fernando e Isabel, los Reyes Católicos que selenium louisiana dieron, y barge selenium conservan en el estandarte very, que es de damasco anaranjado, memorize que se ganó la ciudad ”. [ 34 ] ( “ Coat of arms given to Puerto Rico by the Catholic Monarchs in the year 1511 being Procurator a vecino named Pedro Moreno. They are : a white lamb with a red flag, on acme of a book, and everything above a green island, which is Puerto Rico … which is of orange damask, with which the city was won ” ). It appears that the color was changed from orange to white at some point. [ 35 ] [ 34 ]

geography

San Juan is located along the north-eastern slide of Puerto Rico in the Northern Plains region. It lies south of the Atlantic Ocean ; north of Caguas and Trujillo Alto ; east of Guaynabo ; and west of Carolina. The city occupies an sphere of 76.93 square miles ( 199.2 km2 ), of which, 29.11 square miles ( 75.4 km2 ) ( 37.83 % ) is water. San Juan ‘s main water bodies are San Juan Bay and two natural lagoons, the Condado and San José. [ 36 ]

climate

San Juan has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ). It has an average temperature of 81.0 °F ( 27.2 °C ). Temperatures of 90 °F ( 32 °C ) or higher are seen on an average 79 days annually, more normally occurring during the wet months of the northern summer, specially if the winds come from the confederacy. [ 37 ] In the winter, temperatures can drop to around 60 °F ( 16 °C ). The average winter low is 71 °F ( 22 °C ). The coolest temperature formally recorded was 60 °F ( 16 °C ) on March 3, 1957, and the hot was 98 °F ( 37 °C ) on October 9, 1981. [ 38 ] The read cold daily maximum is 71 °F ( 22 °C ) on February 4, 1935. The record quick daily minimum is 83 °F ( 28 °C ) on August 11, 1995, the most late of four occasions. [ 37 ] With a think of minimum of 67 °F ( 19 C ), San Juan is in USDA plant robustness zone 13B the highest class. Rainfall is well-distributed throughout the year. The months of January, February, and March are the dry. As March averages just 1.95 inches ( 49.5 millimeter ) of rain, the city falls under the tropical monsoon category. [ 39 ] Rainfall averages 56.35 inches ( 1,431.3 millimeter ), falling on an modal 198.5 days per year. [ 37 ] Despite this damp, the city averages 2,970 hours of fair weather per year, or just over ⅔ of the possible sum. [ 40 ] Annual rain has historically ranged from 35.53 in ( 902 millimeter ) in 1991 to 89.50 in ( 2,273 millimeter ) in 2010. [ 37 ]

Hurricane Maria

Department of Defense vehicles traveling through a major highway in San Juan flooded with the Hurricane Maria rain a lot of San Juan was flooded with Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, which besides triggered numerous landslides. [ 41 ] [ 42 ]

Beaches

San Juan is home to numerous beaches, all of which are open to the populace. [ 46 ] All beaches of San Juan face the Atlantic Ocean. The Islet of San Juan hosts Los Cables Beach and La Perla Beach following to the Old San Juan district of La Perla, the Capitolio Beach located immediately north of the Puerto Rico Capitol, Puerta de Tierra Beach along the Paseo de Puerta de Tierra, and El Escambrón Beach at the northeastern edge of the isle. The latter is the most popular beach in the isle due to its shore being protected from the hard Atlantic Ocean waves by reefs that serve as natural breakwaters. [ 47 ] From east to west, the beaches in Santurce include Ocean Park Beach ( besides known as Último Trolley Beach ), Condado Beach and Playita del Condado. Ocean Park Beach and El Condado Beach are the largest in the city and they host a large number of hotels and businesses that cater to tourists and beachgoers. [ 48 ] [ 49 ]

Parks

The municipality of San Juan contains numerous parks, including populace parks, historic and inheritance parks, nature reserves, protected natural areas, and amateur parks. These parks are managed by a number of entities such as the Municipality, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, the National Park Service, the University of Puerto Rico and conservation easements .

San Juan Ecological Corridor

The San Juan Ecological Corridor is a conservation project by the Government of Puerto Rico consisting in 6 different units found within the municipality of San Juan : the Cupey Arboretum, which protects the riparian ecosystems along the Piedras River ; the Doña Inés Mendoza Urban Forest, a small urban forest located future to the Luis Muñoz Marín Foundation in Sabana Llana Sur ; Los Capuchinos Forest, a afforest which covers a belittled karst area besides in Sabana Llana Sur ; the New Millennium State Forest, one of the 20 state forests of Puerto Rico ; the San Juan Waterworks, consisting of the Old Piedras River Aqueduct and adjacent historic district ; and the University of Puerto Rico Botanical Garden, besides known as the San Juan Botanical Garden. [ 50 ]

Historic parks

The San Juan National Historic Site is home to El Morro Esplanade, a large open area located between El Morro and Ballajá in Old San Juan. The esplanade is located in the promontory which gives El Morro its name and it offers views of the San Juan Bay and the perch of San Juan. It is very popular for activities such as picnics, stargazing [ 51 ] and kite flying. [ 52 ] The district of the Capitol of Puerto Rico is home to the Iglesias Pantín and Rafael Hernández Marín parks, and a line of monuments located along Constitución Avenue which includes the Walkway of the Presidents, the Puerto Rico Police Memorial Monument and The Holocaust Memorial Monument. The Loma de los Vientos, or Loma del Viento ( spanish for “ hill of winds ” ), is a little open park sphere located northwest of the Capitol, next to Castle San Cristóbal, and it frequently hosts events such as the Epiphany celebrations. [ 53 ] Luis Muñoz Rivera Park is a 27.2 acre amateur and historic park located in Puerta de Tierra, between Luis Muñoz Rivera, Ponce de León and Constitución avenues. It is the largest public square in Puerto Rico, and it is home to respective historic sites such as the Polvorín San Gerónimo de Boquerón, which used to supply gunpowder to the nearby Fortín de San Gerónimo. The park used to host a little menagerie, and presently hosts gazebos, gardens, restaurants and entree to the beach. The ballpark has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 14, 2007. [ 54 ] The Polvorin de Miraflores is a historic district and park located next to the Puerto Rico Convention Center in Isla Grande, Santurce. The ammunition storage house dates to the mid-18th century and it is besides listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [ 55 ] Another historic zone presently under development is the Juan Waterworks historic zone which contains the Old Piedras River Aqueduct. There are plans to revitalize the old aqueduct structures and its surroundings to create a historic ballpark open to visitors and researchers. [ 56 ]
El Morro Esplanade as seen from the castle walls .

municipal parks

Some of the recreational parks of the municipality include Bahía Urbana, a waterfront parking lot located in Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra by the San Juan Bay ; the Paseo de Puerta de Tierra, a recreational walk along the Atlantic Ocean cliffs of Puerta de Tierra that connects the Puerto Rico Capitol with El Escambrón Beach and Luis Muñoz Rivera Park. Ventana aluminum Mar, Laguna del Condado Jaime Benítez Park, Parque del Indio are some of the parks located in El Condado zone of Santurce. Dr. José Celso Barbosa Park is located in in Ocean Park, besides in Santurce. Parque Central, besides known as the San Juan Municipal Central Park, is a large park and recreational complex located in southern Santurce near the mouth of the Puerto Nuevo River and the Martín Peña Channel. The Enrique Martí Coll Linear Park connects the Central Park to Hato Rey through the Caño Martín Peña Nature Reserve. [ 57 ] Luis Muñoz Marín Park, La Merced Park, Dr. José N. Gándara Park, Santiago Iglesias Pantín Park are some of the parks located in Hato Rey. [ 58 ] Luis Muñoz Marín Park is one of the largest in the municipality. It is located in the Gobernador Piñero district between Hato Rey and Puerto Nuevo. The ballpark has gazebos that can be rented for events, green areas for strolls, bicycle and picnics, an artificial lake with paddleboats for lease ( $ 6 ), and a number of playgrounds for children. Its chief attraction is the cableway that crosses the park and offers scenic views of the Piedras River and the city while providing department of transportation to the Roberto Clemente Coliseum and the Hiram Bithorn Stadium. [ 59 ]

nature reserves

The municipality of San Juan is home to diverse important ecosystems and preserved natural areas. Some of the ecosystems of the San Juan Bay National Estuary, which is the only tropical estuary in the National Estuary Program network, are protected by numerous nature reserves and protected areas such as the Caño Martín Peña Nature Reserve. other areas protected under the San Juan Bay National Estuary include El Condado Lagoon, the San José Lagoon and El Boquerón where the San Antonio Creek and the Condado Lagoon connect with the Atlantic Ocean. [ 60 ] Two of the 20 submit forests of Puerto Rico are located in the municipality of San Juan : the New Millennium Urban Forest, which is besides part of the San Juan Ecological Corridor, and the San Patricio Urban Forest, a secondary forest located following to a mogote. The Hermanas Sendra and San Juan Park Protected Natural Areas are located inland within the municipality of San Juan in the barrios of Caimito and Cupey. [ 61 ]

cityscape

General view of harbor at San Juan, Puerto Rico looking South to San Juan Bay, 1927. The clock column build at center field was the San Juan Rail Terminal .

architecture

Old San Juan The architecture of San Juan is very diverse, due to its size and all the cultural influences received during its universe. The oldest part of the city, known as Old San Juan, by and large features the influence of spanish architecture. This part of the city is comprised by a network of “ setted ” roads normally surrounded by ancient, two-storied houses built on freemasonry. Some colonial structures have been restored and serve either as government offices or museums. [ 62 ] Some examples are the Ballajá Barracks, which now serve as museum and headquarters of several cultural organizations ; La Fortaleza, which has served as the residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico since the sixteenth Century ; and the Ancient Welfare Asylum, which now houses the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, among others. Old San Juan besides features several populace squares, like the Plaza de Armas, located in front of San Juan City Hall ; and cathedrals, like the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista. [ 62 ] Old San Juan is besides noteworthy for being partially enclosed by massive walls and fortifications built by the spanish government. The architecture is more change in other districts of the city. The district of Santurce features a batch of influence from art deco, while the districts of Hato Rey feature more mod structures. [ citation needed ]

Barrios

The subdivisions of San Juan San Juan and Rio Piedras as divide municipalities on a 1915 map What is now known as Old San Juan occupied the western end of a rocky isle, the Isleta de San Juan, at the sass of San Juan Bay. During the twentieth hundred, the main population centers surged well beyond the walls of the old city and onto Puerto Rico ‘s main island, and merged with the existing settlements east and south of Old San Juan. With the annexation of Río Piedras in 1951, the municipality of San Juan grew to four times its former size. As a solution, the municipality besides went from 2 to 18 barrios ( barrios ), [ 63 ] 16 of which fall within the early municipality of Río Piedras. Eight of the 18 barrios are far subdivided into subbarrios, including the two barrios ( San Juan Antiguo and Santurce ) that belonged to the original municipality of San Juan. The 18 barrios are :

Old San Juan

Some streets in Old San Juan are still paved with aristocratic cobblestones from the spanish colonial era. During the spanish colonial times most of the urban population resided in what is now known as Old San Juan. This sector is located on the western half of a small island called the Isleta de San Juan, which is connected to the mainland by two bridges and a causeway. The small island, which comprises an sphere of 47 feather miles ( 120 km2 ), besides hosts the wage-earning region of Puerta de Tierra and most of Puerto Rico ‘s central government buildings, including the Commonwealth ‘s Capitol. [ citation needed ] The independent central separate of the city is characterized by pin down streets made of blue cobble and picturesque colonial buildings, some of which date back to the 16th and seventeenth century. Sections of the honest-to-god city are surrounded by massive walls and respective defensive structures and noteworthy forts. These include the 16th-century Fort San Felipe del Morro and the 17th-century Fort San Cristóbal, both partially of San Juan National Historic Site, and the 16th-century El Palacio de Santa Catalina, besides known as La Fortaleza, which serves as the governor ‘s sign of the zodiac. [ 64 ] early buildings of interest predating the twentieth century are the Ayuntamiento or Alcaldía ( San Juan City Hall ), the Diputación Provincial and the Real Intendencia buildings, which house the Puerto Rico Department of State, [ 65 ] the Casa Rosa, the San José Church ( 1523 ) and the adjacent Hotel El Convento, the former family of the Ponce de León family known as Casa Blanca, the Teatro Tapia, the former spanish barracks ( now Museum of Ballajá ), La Princesa ( former municipal imprison, now headquartering the Puerto Rico Tourism Company ), and the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery, located just outside the city walls. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The Cathedral of San Juan Bautista ( construction began in the 1520s ) is besides located in Old San Juan, and contains the grave of the spanish internet explorer and settlement fall through Juan Ponce de León. [ 69 ] Old San Juan, besides known as the “ erstwhile city ”, is the chief cultural tourist attraction in Puerto Rico ; its bayside is lined by dock slips for large cruise ships .

other districts

East of Old San Juan lies the affluent tourist-oriented neighborhood of Condado, which occupies land that used to be owned by entrepreneur Pablo Ubarri Capetillo, a spanish railroad developer and Count of San José de Santurce under the spanish colonial period. Beaches such as nearby Ocean Park, popular with swimmers, surfers and kitesurfers, are found all along the zone ‘s Atlantic coastline which is besides the venue of numerous hotels. [ 70 ]
A street in Old San Juan Near Condado are two divide business districts, Santurce and Miramar. Miramar is chiefly a residential area rising confederacy of the Condado Lagoon. It comprises the early barrio of Miraflores, vitamin a well as drained marsh and landfill over which was built San Juan ‘s first airport, the Isla Grande airport, which was renamed Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport in honor of Major Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci ( USAF ). Miramar immediately hosts the Puerto Rico Convention Center a well as some of San Juan Harbor ‘s cruise ship piers. In 2005 Miramar was designated an historic district of Puerto Rico. [ 71 ]

Santurce, originally named San Mateo de Cangrejos ( Saint Matthew of the Crabs ), was a settlement for unblock african slaves during the early days of the city. After Pablo Ubarri sought license to link San Juan with Río Piedras proper via steam tramway in 1878, the time it took to travel between both points were shortened and thereby stimulated the colonization and emergence of the zone. At the begin of the twentieth century an electric streetcar was installed, the township was split into three parts, and its main village, merged with the city, was renamed using the spanish spell of Santurtzi ( Saint George in Basque ), Ubarri ‘s birthplace in Vizcaya, Spain. The “ Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico ” ( Puerto Rico Museum of Art ) [ 72 ] and other important cultural venues are located in Santurce. South of Santurce is Hato Rey, function of the former municipality of Río Piedras. Hato Rey was grazing ground for cattle owned by the royal politics ( hence its name, the King’s Herd in spanish ) a early as the sixteenth hundred, [ 73 ] and is now considered the fiscal center of the island. A section of this district is much referred to as Milla de Oro ( actually 0.47 miles or 0.76 kilometers long ) due in region to the many banks and businesses located there. [ 73 ] In the southern part of the city is the socially diversify community of Río Piedras. Founded in the mid-1850s, Río Piedras was a offprint town which hosted sugar cane plantations and the estates of some of San Juan ‘s wealthiest inhabitants ( a well as their solve class staff ). The spanish colonial governors besides had their summer home there on land which finally gave way to the main campus of the University of Puerto Rico. In 1951 the municipalities of San Juan and Río Piedras were merged to redefine San Juan ‘s stream city limits. today Río Piedras comprises the largest area of the municipality of San Juan. [ 74 ] and is home to the “ Plaza del Mercado ” ( Río Piedras Marketplace ), the main campus and the Medical Sciences campus of the University of Puerto Rico and the San Juan Botanical Garden .

Demographics

San Juan is the largest city in Puerto Rico by population. [ 76 ] From 1899 to 1950 the municipality of San Juan excluded the township of Río Piedras. For this reason, population data and land area for the period make character only to the Antiguo San Juan and Santurce barrios, or subdivisions, of San Juan. The old municipality of Río Piedras constituted the third gear most populate city of Puerto Rico at the time of its annexation in 1951. Its strategic location south of the capital served as a junction for all the principal ways of fare of the island and as a geographic entry to San Juan, which are factors that prompted Río Piedras ‘s dramatic urban exploitation in the twentieth century. [ citation needed ] According to the 2010 Census, the racial constitution of San Juan was as follows :
Among the Hispanic and Latino population, Puerto Ricans are, unsurprisingly, the largest group ; they make up 87.5 % of San Juan ‘s hispanic population. People of dominican descent made up 7.6 % of the Hispanic population, while those of Cuban descent formed 1.7 % of the hispanic populace. other hispanic and Latino groups jointly formed 3.2 % of San Juan ‘s spanish american population. There are 4,822 whites of non-Hispanic origin surviving in San Juan ; 1,187 blacks of non-Hispanic origin live in San Juan. Non-Hispanic whites and blacks form 1.2 % and 0.3 % of San Juan ‘s population respectively. There are besides approximately 673 Asians of non-Hispanic origin in San Juan ; they make up less than 0.1 % of the population. however, Asians of spanish american and non-Hispanic origin together issue at 6,342. [ 77 ] The huge majority of Asians in San Juan are of chinese lineage ; of the 6,342 Asians, 4,928 are chinese. chinese comprise 1.4 % of the population. The only other ample asian group in San Juan are indian Americans ; there are 698 people of amerind descent in the city, forming 0.2 % of the population. There are very small numbers of people of Filipino, Japanese, and vietnamese ancestry ; none of these groups number more than 100 members. [ 77 ] According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, 87.5 % of San Juan ‘s population was native and 12.5 % were foreign-born. Of the native population, 86.9 % were born in Puerto Rico or the U.S. proper, of which 75.6 % were born in Puerto Rico and 8.9 % were born in the U.S. The other 0.7 % were born in a different U.S. territory or born abroad to american parents. The remaining 11.9 % of the population were born outside the United States and U.S. territories. In late years, an increasing count of Americans not of hispanic lineage ( both of african American and of White American origin ) have moved to San Juan. In accession, a boastfully number of Stateside Puerto Ricans have settled in the city upon their revert to Puerto Rico. There is besides a growing West amerind population, both of spanish american and non-Hispanic origin. In terms of lineage, 23,875 people claimed american ancestry, which is equivalent to 5.8 % of San Juan ‘s population. other ample lineage groups included those of italian origin, french descent, and West indian lineage. People of italian lineage numbered at 1,694, forming 0.4 % of the population ; people of french descent numbered at 1,064, forming 0.2 % of the population. ultimately, those of West amerind descent numbered at 1,393, forming 0.3 % of San Juan ‘s population. approximately 1,026 people claimed sub-saharan African ancestry ; 719 claimed irish lineage ; 646 claim german ancestry ; 431 claimed Arab ancestry, and 346 claimed english lineage. There are many other ancestry groups in San Juan, but they are very skimp. [ 78 ]

economy

San Juan experienced meaning economic increase following World War II. During this period the city undergo an industrial revolution, although as of 1984 it had never generated its own economic region. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] The city ‘s economy relies by and large on companies dedicated to the fabricate of several products, including : Chemical substances ( bleach and house clean products ) ; medicines ; curious and early beverages ; fertilizers ; electric tools ; electronic devices ; plastics, textiles, and food-based products. [ 80 ] tourism is besides a key industry, based on San Juan ‘s proximity to Puerto Rico ‘s main airport, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport. [ 80 ] The tourism focus of the city is located in the zone of Condado Beach where there are epicurean hotels. [ 80 ] Historical locations such as El Morro, Old San Juan and El Cuartel de Ballaja are promoted in tourism campaigns. The zone of Hato Rey contains a corporate sector known as “ La Milla de Oro ”, ( The Golden Mile ) which serves as the headquarters of local and international banks. San Juan ‘s Hato Rey district is frequently referred to as the “ Wall Street of the Caribbean ”, due to the influence of the area on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean ‘s economy. [ 73 ] Seaborne Airlines is headquartered on the 9th floor of the World Plaza Building in San Juan. [ 81 ]

tourism

Statues where people gather in Old San Juan San Juan beach technical advances after World War II in the development of the airliner, coupled with the island ‘s climate and natural set, have transformed San Juan into the springboard for tourism around the island, and has made the rest of the Caribbean known throughout the universe during the last fifty dollar bill years. [ 82 ] Today the capital features hotels, museums, historical buildings, restaurants, beaches and shopping centers. In San Juan there are tourist attractions, including : Old San Juan, Ocean Park, Isla Verde and Condado. Places and monuments emphasized in tourism campaigns include : Old San Juan, promoting the historic nature of its colonial buildings and minute streets covered by adoquine, a gloomy stone cast from furnace slag ; they were brought over as ballast on spanish ships. [ 80 ] This includes the city ‘s ancient defensive wall and forts, most notably El Morro and the Castillo San Cristóbal. [ 80 ] On January 23, 1984 both of these edifices were catalogued as being separate of humanness ‘s cultural birthright. [ 80 ] The restaurants and art galleries in the partition are visited by tourists. [ 80 ] The local universities are promoted as historic places, most notably the campus of University of Puerto Rico located in Río Piedras, which is the oldest university on the island being founded in 1903 .

Post Hurricane Maria

An April 2019 report indicated that, by that time, repairs after Hurricane Maria were moving quickly. only a few hotels were calm closed in San Juan and that life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal. [ 83 ] By October 2019, about all of the popular amenities for tourists, in the major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. This was important for the economy, since tourism provides up 10 % of Puerto Rico ‘s GDP, according to Discover Puerto Rico. [ 84 ] In belated November 2019, reports indicated that 90 calls to San Juan by Royal Caribbean ships would be cancelled during 2020 and 2021. This footfall would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island ‘s economy of $ 44 million. As well, 30 ship departures from San Juan were being canceled. The rationale for this decision was discussed in a news program report, as follows : [ 85 ]

The reason for the cancellations is the denationalization of the cruise docks in San Juan due to much-needed maintenance that is needed. Around $ 250 million investment is needed to make sure cruise ships can continue to dock there in the years to come. There is an urge for governor Wanda Vazquez to not go ahead with the denationalization so this news program is fluid. [ needs update ]

Arts and culture

San Juan is the birthplace of artists and musicians who have significantly influenced Puerto Rican culture. During the twentieth hundred, the musical aspect of the city was influenced by performers including Afro-Caribbean dancer and choreographer Sylvia del Villard and José Enrique Pedreira who became a composer of Puerto Rican Danzas. International musicians such as opera singer Justino Díaz and Grammy Award winners Ramón Ayala ( Daddy Yankee ) and Ricky Martin were born in the city. other luminary residents include writers Giannina Braschi and Tomas Blanco, award-winning actors Raul Julia and Benicio del Toro, and comedian José Miguel Agrelot. Rafael Cordero ( 1790–1868 ), was influential in the development of Puerto Rican education and has been once renowned [ by whom? ] as “ The Father of Public Education in Puerto Rico ” .

Performing arts

The Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center ( spanish : Centro de Bellas Artes Luis A. Ferré ) hosts some of the most significant melodious and aesthetic events in Puerto Rico. It is home to the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra ( PRSO ) and hosts the Casals Festival, the most significant classical music festival in the Caribbean. The venue besides hosts theater and musical performances such as Hamilton, which it hosted in 2019. [ 86 ] The Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico is a public music conservatory that hosts Puerto Rican and external students has a longstanding relationship with the classical music apparent motion in the island. The Ateneo Puertorriqueño and the dramaturgy of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras besides host authoritative music events .

Museums

Puerto Rico Museum of Art The city is besides the home of contemporary and authoritative art museums. The Puerto Rico Museum of Art hosts the largest collection of contemporary artwork in Puerto Rico, caparison over 1,100 permanent art pieces and displaying irregular exhibitions containing artwork from versatile locations through Latin America. [ 87 ] The Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art, located in Santurce, specializes in contemporary artwork from Latin America and the Caribbean. The paintings displayed in the permanent wave exhibition are either acquired by the museum ‘s administrative personnel or donated by artists and collectors. They are judged by a jury of painters, art critics, and scholars before being displayed. [ 88 ] other museums such as the Pablo Casals Museum, the Book Museum, Americas Museum and the National Gallery display historic items and artwork aboard contemporary art. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Miscellaneous museums such as the Children ‘s Museum and the Bacardi Distillery ( besides known as the “ Rum Cathedral ” ) in nearby Cataño appeal to different audiences through synergistic exhibitions. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] Old San Juan is besides home to authoritative artwork museums, such as the Puerto Rico National Gallery or Galería Nacional, and numerous secret art galleries .

government

As one of Puerto Rico ‘s 78 municipalities, San Juan ‘s government consists of two branches, the executive and the legislative. Those citizens eligible to vote directly elect the Mayor of San Juan and the municipal assembly for four-year terms. The municipal politics is housed in City Hall or Casa Alcaldia, which is located at 153 San Francisco Street, facing the Plaza de Armas at the center field of Old San Juan. [ 93 ] City Hall was constructed based on Madrid ‘s City Hall starting in 1604 and last completed in 1789. [ 93 ] The executive ramify is headed by a popularly elected mayor. The office is held by Miguel Romero Lugo who won in the 2020 general election. [ 94 ] Miguel Romero Lugo took over from Carmen Yulín Cruz, who was elected at the 2012 general election. Before her, Jorge A. Santini held the position for 12 years. In addition to running the city ‘s daily operations and supervising associate departments, the mayor is creditworthy for appointing a secretary-auditor and a treasurer. San Juan ‘s municipal legislature is made up of 17 municipal legislators, elected at-large, which represent the city ‘s population. [ 95 ] San Juan is besides the seat of the Puerto Rico Senatorial zone I, which is represented by two Senators. [ 96 ]

safety

In 2010 there were 201 homicides in San Juan, a rate of around 50 per 100,000 residents. In 2019 they were 172 homicides a rate of 53 per 100,000 residents. [ 97 ] Law enforcement in San Juan is the articulation duty of the Department of Police and Public Safety, besides known as the San Juan Police Department and the Puerto Rico Police Department. [ 98 ] The Municipal Police, in the first place known as the “ San Juan Municipal Guard ”, was created in 1521 and had active military and jurisprudence enforcement functions until 1980, when Act # 77 created municipal law enforcement agencies in Puerto Rico. It employs over 1,000 affirm officers plus civilian staff. [ 99 ]

Media

Newspapers

Most of Puerto Rico ‘s major newspapers are published in San Juan : El Nuevo Día, Primera Hora, El Vocero and the English-language San Juan Star. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] early newspapers published in San Juan are Metro Puerto Rico, Indice and Caribbean Business News. [ 102 ]

radio

San Juan is besides home to respective of Puerto Rico ‘s major radio stations : WKAQ 580 AM and 105 FM, WPRM Salsoul 99.1 FM, WODA La Nueva 94 FM, Fidelity 95.7 FM, WSKN Radio Isla 1320 AM, WORO Radio Oro 92.5 FM, Salsa Hits Radio, WAPA Radio, WOYE Magic 97.3, WRTU Radio Universidad FM, WIPR 940 AM, Mix 107.7 FM, WTOK Hot 102, AZ Rock, Radio Antillas, etc. [ 103 ]

television

Some of the television states based in San Juan are WKAQ-TV Telemundo / NBC Puerto Rico, WORA Univision Puerto Rico, WAPA-TV, WIPR-TV, WTCV Mega television receiver, WJPX América TeVé, etc. [ 104 ]

Movies and filming

San Juan has been the fix of numerous movies and the city has besides been used as a stand-in or substitute for other cities and countries where film is more expensive, more dangerous or more restrictive. Some of the most democratic movies filmed in San Juan are : Woody Allen ‘s Bananas ( 1971 ), Captain Ron ( 1992 ), Assassins ( 1995 ), Amistad ( 1997 ), Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) standing-in as Havana, Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights ( 2004 ) besides as Havana, The Men Who Stare at Goats ( 2009 ) standing-in as Iraq, The Losers ( 2010 ), Fast Five ( 2011 ) stading-in as Miami and Rio de Janeiro, Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) standing-in as Cádiz, Spain, The Rum Diary ( 2011 ), 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) standing-in as a Mexican recourse, Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) standing-in as Lagos, Nigeria, and the controversial film Force of Nature ( 2020 ). [ 105 ] [ 106 ]

department of education

Colleges and universities

San Juan is home to many of Puerto Rico ‘s institutions of higher determine. The University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus is located in San Juan, along with the University of Puerto Rico ‘s Medical Sciences Campus. other colleges located in San Juan are the University of the Sacred Heart, the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, the Ana G. Méndez University System ‘s Metropolitan University, the Metropolitan Campus of the Inter American University of Puerto Rico, the Carlos Albizu University, the Evangelic Seminary of Puerto Rico and the Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. There are smaller colleges located in the city, including the ICPR Junior College, the Instituto de Banca y Comercio and the International Junior College, located in Santurce. [ 107 ] There are besides respective technical schools based in San Juan, including the Technological College of San Juan, the Liceo de Artes y Ciencias, Ramirez College of Business and Technology, and the Puerto Rico Technical Junior College. The Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music and the School of Fine Arts in Old San Juan specify in education that promotes the all right arts and music. [ 107 ]

Public and private schools

besides, San Juan is home to 136 [ citation needed ] public schools operated by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. Most of the specialize schools operated by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are located in San Juan. These schools emphasize topics such as Science and Math, Radio and Television, Arts, Trade, Music, and Sports, but besides include other subjects such as spanish, English, and Social Studies in their course of study. In addition to dozens of state-run elementary, intermediate, and senior high school schools, the government of the city of San Juan operates two bilingual schools, including one sports-magnet school, the first municipal-run schools in Puerto Rico. [ citation needed ] Several private schools are located in San Juan, including Robinson and St. John ‘s schools in the Condado, Perpetuo Socorro in Miramar, St. John ‘s Episcopal, Santa Mónica and Academia San Jorge in Santurce, Commonwealth High School, La Merced and Espíritu Santo in Hato Rey, Escuela Josefita Monserrate de Selles, San Antonio, Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, San José in Río Piedras and Cupeyville, St. Mary ‘s, Boneville and Cupey Maria Montesory School in Cupey .

fare

A street scene in Old San Juan The Port of San Juan is the fourth busiest seaport in the Western Hemisphere, ranked among the clear 17 in the world in terms of container drift. It is besides the largest home-based cruise port in the universe with over a twelve cruise ships. It is the second busy interface in cruise volume after Miami. [ citation needed ] The Metropolitan Area is served by two airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, San Juan ‘s elementary commercial airport, is located eight miles ( 12.9 kilometer ) from Old San Juan in the neighbor municipality of Carolina. The airport accommodates more than 30 domestic and international airlines and is the busiest airport in the Caribbean. It is often referred to as “ The Gateway to the Caribbean ” because it serves as the main connection to the island and the rest of the Caribbean for the United States and vice versa. The area ‘s secondary coil airport is the Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport, which is located directly across the San Antonio Creek or Cano San Antonio from Old San Juan in the Isla Grande district. [ 108 ] Dominicci Airport is used chiefly by general air travel aircraft, charter flights, and some domestic commercial flights. It used to be the city ‘s and besides the island of Puerto Rico ‘s main international gateway until the afford of Luis Muñoz Marin International Airport. It is now besides widely used by the Isla Grande Flight School and Caribbean Flight Center, the only escape school on the island. There are 193 bridges in San Juan. [ 109 ]

Public transportation

At 4,300 vehicles per paved sea mile, San Juan has by far the highest concentration of vehicles on the road of any city in the worldly concern. [ 110 ] The city is served by five limited-access expressways and highways and numerous arterial avenues and boulevards, but continues to suffer from severe traffic congestion. [ 111 ] The Metropolitan Bus Authority ( Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses or AMA in spanish ) provides daily bus department of transportation to residents of San Juan, Guaynabo, Bayamón, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Cataño and Carolina through 30 fixed routes. Its fleet consists of 277 regular buses and 35 handicap-accessible buses. AMA ‘s ridership is estimated at 112,000 on weekdays. [ 112 ] There is besides a casual ferry servicing, known as the Cataño Ferry ( La Lancha de Cataño ), which operates between Old San Juan and the town of Cataño. [ 113 ]
The T5, 21 and 53 buses pass between Old San Juan, Condado and Isla Verde. More information is available at hypertext transfer protocol : //sjbus.info/ In an attack to decrease fomite colony and road congestion, the city built a metro system dubbed “ Tren Urbano “ ( “ Urban Train ” ). The 10.7-mile ( 17.2 kilometer ) line connects to 16 stations. [ 114 ] The undertaking, which opened in late 2004, cost $ 2.25 billion and was more than $ 1 billion over budget and four years late. The Tren Urbano has received less ridership than was primitively projected and has not importantly reduced the city ‘s automobile traffic, despite a reported 7.5 % ridership increase in 2006 over 2005. There is a aforethought project to build an “ interurban light rail system ” connecting the cities of San Juan and Caguas. [ 115 ] Increased investment in populace transportation system, however, has not changed the fact that San Juan is an automobile-reliant city and its fast growth has sparked urban sprawl. As of mid-2010, the politics has approved plans for a redesign of this Puerto Rican city, featuring a new mass transit system, newly roads and intersections, and more beach-access points. No cars will be allowed inside the oldest part of city ( Old San Juan ). The plans hope to remedy previous poor people urban planning in the oldest section of the city, the Isleta, while curbing reliance on drive vehicles. The plans for renovation besides hope to make the city more appeal in order to attract new residents, as San Juan has suffered from a shrinking population over the past 60 years. [ 116 ]

Health and utilities

San Juan has an elaborate system of triage, hospital, and preventive worry health services. The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health manage for the aged and the disable. There are 20 hospitals in San Juan, half of them operated by the politics. The largest hospital in San Juan and most important of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean [ citation needed ] is the Rio Piedras Medical Center, or Centro Medico de Rio Piedras in spanish. This hospital, founded in 1956, is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico. It is made up of eight other hospitals .

• San Juan Municipal Hospital: This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government.
• Industrial Hospital: This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees, whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees. Normally, injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here.
• San Juan Pediatric Hospital – Also operated by the San Juan municipal government.
• Pediatric Hospital: Operated by the government of the Commonwealth, this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases.
• Centro Médico: This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
• Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe (Caribbean Cardiovascular Center): This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean. It features a hotel for the patients’ families.
• Psychiatric Hospital: The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico. Operated by the government of Puerto Rico.
• Psychiatric Correctional Hospital: It is both a hospital and correctional facility. It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration.

The city of San Juan operates 10 hospitals. Of these, nine are diagnostic and treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan. The chief hospital is located at Centro Medico. These 10 hospitals are :

• La Perla
• Puerta de Tierra
• Llorens Torres
• Puerto Nuevo
• San José
• Rio Piedras
• Sabana Llana
• Hoare
• Santurce Parada 19
• General Hospital (Centro Medico)

besides, there are 10 secret hospitals in San Juan. These are :

• Hospital Metropolitano
• Hospital Auxilio Mutuo
• Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso
• Hospital de Veteranos: The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean. Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System.
• Ashford Presbyterian Hospital
• Hospital Pavia Hato Rey
• Hospital Pavia Santurce
• San Jorge Children’s Hospital: The most well known children’s hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area.
• Hospital San Gerardo: Located at the Cupey neighborhood, is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly.
• Hospital del Maestro (Teachers Hospital): Located in Hato Rey, this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association.

Sports

Teams based in San Juan have been notably successful in athletic competition. The Santurce Crabbers won the National Superior Basketball League championship in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003 during this period being recognized as a dynasty. The San Juan Senators and the Santurce Crabbers were the two major baseball teams in the city, winning the championship of the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League a sum of 17 times. The Santurce Crabbers are located third among teams with more championships in the Caribbean Series, winning championships in the 1951, 1953, 1955, 1993 and 2000 editions of the tournament. The city has besides been the horde of events within the sports community ; some examples include :
The $ 28 million San Juan Natatorium attracts island-wide and regional swim meets, american samoa well as winter discipline by top-rated mainland U.S. colleges and universities, including the United States Military Academy at West Point and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. In July 2007, the San Juan Golf Academy and its drive stove began operating atop the city ‘s former sanitary landfill in Puerto Nuevo, and will finally include the city ‘s first and alone 9-hole golf course .

professional teams

International relations

diplomatic missions

Twin towns – Sister cities

San Juan is twinned with : [ 145 ]

noteworthy people from San Juan

See besides

Notes

1. ^ Mean monthly maximum and minimum ( i.e. the ask highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020 .
2. ^[43] official records for San Juan were kept at downtown from November 1898 to December 1955 and at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport since January 1956 .

References

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