San Diego – Wikipedia

San Diego ( SAN dee-AY-goh, spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; spanish for ‘ Saint Didacus ‘ ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the seashore of the Pacific Ocean and immediately adjacent to the mexican edge. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, [ 11 ] San Diego is the eighth most populous city in the United States and second most populous in California ( after Los Angeles ). The city is the county seat of San Diego County, the fifth most populous county in the United States, with 3,338,330 calculate residents as of 2019. The city is known for its balmy year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches and parks, long association with the United States Navy and Marine Corps, and late emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center. historically family to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego is frequently referred to as the “ Birthplace of California ”, as it was the foremost web site visited and settled by Europeans on what is nowadays the West Coast of the United States. [ 12 ] Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, forming the basis for the colony of Alta California 200 years former. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first european settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican–American War and was admitted to the marriage as a state in 1850. San Diego ‘s main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international deal, research, and fabricate. The city is the economic center of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second most populous transborder metropolitan area in the westerly hemisphere ( after Detroit–Windsor ), family to an estimated 4,922,723 people as of 2012. [ 13 ] The basal bound cross between San Diego and Tijuana, the San Ysidro Port of Entry, is the busiest external farming frame crossing in the world outside of Asia ( fourth-busiest overall ). The city ‘s primary airport, San Diego International Airport, is the busiest single- runway airport in the populace. [ a ] [ 14 ]

history [edit ]

Pre-colonial period [edit ]

The Kumeyaay, besides known as the Diegueño, have inhabited the area of San Diego for thousands of years. The master inhabitants of the area are now known as the San Dieguito and La Jolla people. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The Kumeyaay people migrated into the area of San Diego around 1000 CE, [ 17 ] [ unreliable source? ] [ 18 ] who erected villages scattered across the region, including the greenwich village of Cosoy ( Kosa’aay ) which was the Kumeyaay village that the future village of San Diego would stem from in today ‘s Old Town. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The village of Cosoy was made up of thirty to forty families living in pyramid-shaped caparison structures and was supported by a fresh water spring from the hillsides. [ 19 ]

spanish period [edit ]

The first european to visit the region was explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing under the flag of Castile but possibly born in Portugal. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the true laurel for the spanish empire in 1542, and named the site “ San Miguel ”. [ 21 ] In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are nowadays Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more normally known as San Diego de Alcalá. On November 12, 1602, the inaugural Christian religious service of phonograph record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión, a member of Vizcaíno ‘s expedition, to celebrate the banquet day of San Diego. [ 22 ]
The permanent european colonization of California and of San Diego began in 1769 with the arrival of four contingents of Spaniards from New Spain and the Baja California peninsula. Two seaborne parties reached San Diego Bay : the San Carlos, under Vicente Vila and including as noteworthy members the engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó and the soldier and future governor Pedro Fages, and the San Antonio, under Juan Pérez. An initial overland dispatch to San Diego from the south was led by the soldier Fernando Rivera and included the Franciscan missionary, internet explorer, and chronicler Juan Crespí, followed by a irregular party led by the designated governor Gaspar de Portolà and including the mission president of the united states ( and now enshrine ) Junípero Serra. [ 23 ] In May 1769, Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River above the Kumeyaay greenwich village of Cosoy, [ 19 ] which would late become incorporated into the spanish colony, [ 20 ] making it the first village by Europeans in what is nowadays the state of matter of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by franciscan friars under Serra. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The mission became a locate for a Kumeyaay revolt in 1775, which forced the deputation to relocate six miles ( 10 kilometer ) up the San Diego River. [ 26 ] By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. [ 27 ] Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in Alta California of the historic mission chase El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks. [ 28 ] [ 29 ]

mexican time period [edit ]

In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became separate of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began its undertake to extend its agency over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level state below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the mexican government in 1834, and most of the Mission lands were granted to former soldiers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ( “ municipal magistrate ” ), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. Beyond the township, Mexican bring grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy. ( See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego. ) however, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s, due to increasing tension between the settlers and the autochthonal Kumeyaay and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo condition because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents. [ 30 ] The ranchos in the San Diego region would face Kumeyaay raids in the late 1830s and the town itself would face raids in the 1840s. [ 31 ] Americans gained an increase awareness of California, and its commercial possibilities, from the writings of two countrymen involved in the often formally forbid, to foreigners, but economically significant obscure and tallow trade, where San Diego was a major port and the only one with an adequate harbor : William Shaler ‘s “ Journal of a voyage Between China and the North-Western Coast of America, Made in 1804 ” and Richard Henry Dana ‘s more substantial and convincing account, of his 1834–36 voyage, the classic Two Years Before the Mast. [ 32 ]
In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and down excursion to conquer Alta California. At first, they had an easy meter of it, capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck rear. Following the successful disgust in Los Angeles, the american english garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shoot in early October 1846. mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every nox. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1, the American garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner ‘s Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mount force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico. In the result Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now function of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. subsequently, a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny ‘s battered and blockaded command. [ 33 ] Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the “ Treaty of Cahuenga “ on January 13, 1847. As a consequence of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, the district of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was “ for every commercial function of closely peer importance to us with that of San Francisco, ” and the Mexican–American margin was finally established to be one league confederacy of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, therefore as to include the entire bay within the United States. [ 34 ]

american menstruation [edit ]

The express of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That like class San Diego has designated the seat of the newly established County of San Diego and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt ; [ 35 ] the California legislature revoked the city ‘s charter and placed it under manipulate of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was reestablished in 1889, and today ‘s city rent was adopted in 1931. [ 36 ] The original town of San Diego was located at the foundation of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The localization was not ideal, being respective miles away from navigable water at its port at La Playa. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new growth by the bay prop up called “ New San Diego ”, respective miles confederacy of the original liquidation ; however, for respective decades the new development consisted alone of a pier, a few houses and an Army storehouse for the accompaniment of Fort Yuma. After 1854, the fortify became supplied by ocean and by steamboats on the Colorado River and the storehouse fell into neglect. From 1857 to 1860, San Diego became the western end point of the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line, the earliest overland stagecoach and mail operation from the Eastern United States to California, coming from Texas through New Mexico Territory in less than 30 days. [ 37 ] In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called “ New Town ” and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because its placement on San Diego Bay was convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the master settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. [ 38 ] hush, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a dragoon connection in 1878. In 1884-1886, John J. Montgomery made the beginning controlled flights by an american in a heavier-than-air unpowered glider good south of San Diego at Otay Mesa, helping to pioneer a modern science of aerodynamics. In 1912, San Diego was the site of a free language competitiveness between the Industrial Workers of the World and the city government who passed an regulation forbidding the exemption of speech along an area of “ Soapbox Row ” that led to civil disobedience, vigilantism, patrol ferocity, the abduction of Emma Goldman ‘s husband Ben Reitman and multiple riots. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] San Diego ‘s proximity to Tijuana during the Mexican Revolution made this one of the most meaning rid actor’s line fights during the Wobbly era. [ 41 ] In 1916, the region of Stingaree, the master home of San Diego ‘s first gear Chinatown and “ Soapbox Row ”, was demolished by anti- vice campaigners to make way for the Gaslamp Quarter. [ 42 ]
In the early contribution of the twentieth century, San Diego hosted the World ‘s Fair doubly : the Panama-California Exposition ( 1915 ) and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935. Both expositions were held in Balboa Park, and many of the Spanish/Baroque-style buildings that were built for those expositions remain to this day as cardinal features of the park. The buildings were intended to be impermanent structures, but most remained in continuous use until they increasingly fell into disrepair. Most were finally rebuilt, using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style. [ 43 ] The menagerie of alien animals featured at the 1915 exposition provided the footing for the San Diego Zoo. [ 44 ] During the 1950s there was a citywide festival called Fiesta del Pacifico highlighting the sphere ‘s spanish and mexican by. [ 45 ] In the 2010s there was a proposal for a large-scale celebration of the hundredth anniversary of Balboa Park, but the plans were abandoned when the arrangement tasked with putting on the celebration went out of business. [ 46 ] The southerly assign of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes vitamin a early as 1852. Over the following several decades the Army set up a series of coastal weapon batteries and named the sphere Fort Rosecrans. [ 47 ] Significant U.S. Navy bearing began in 1901 with the constitution of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. [ 48 ] By 1930, the city was host to Naval Base San Diego, Naval Training Center San Diego, San Diego Naval Hospital, Camp Matthews, and Camp Kearny ( now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar ). The city was besides an early center for aviation : arsenic early on as World War I, San Diego was proclaiming itself “ The Air Capital of the West ”. [ 49 ] The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines ( late Ryan Aeronautical ), founded in 1925, and Consolidated Aircraft ( late Convair ), founded in 1923. [ 50 ] Charles A. Lindbergh ‘s airplane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines. [ 49 ] During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense mechanism natural process, ascribable to the presence of therefore many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city ‘s population grew quickly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 ( 147,995 ) and 1950 ( 333,865 ). [ 51 ] During the concluding months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological assail, starting with San Diego. The plan was called “ Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night “ and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with harass ( Yersinia pestis ) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and efficaciously kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] After World War II, the military retain to play a major character in the local economy, but post- Cold War cutbacks took a heavy toll on the local anesthetic refutation and aerospace industries. The resulting downturn led San Diego leaders to seek to diversify the city ‘s economy by focusing on research and science, adenine well as tourism. [ 56 ] From the start of the twentieth hundred through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna displace industry were based in San Diego, “ the tuna capital of the earth ”. [ 57 ] San Diego ‘s first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people. A large fishing fleet supported the canneries, by and large staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan, and belated from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is silent felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Due to rising costs and foreign contest, the death of the canneries closed in the early 1980s. [ 60 ] Downtown San Diego was in decline in the 1960s and 1970s, but experienced some urban renewal since the early 1980s, including the open of Horton Plaza, the revival of the Gaslamp Quarter, and the construction of the San Diego Convention Center ; Petco Park opened in 2004. [ 61 ]

geography [edit ]

Satellite view of San Diego and Tijuana, Mexico According to SDSU professor emeritus Monte Marshall, San Diego Bay is “ the surface construction of a north-south-trending, nest graben “. The Rose Canyon and Point Loma fault zones are part of the San Andreas Fault system. About 40 miles ( 64 kilometer ) east of the bay are the Laguna Mountains in the Peninsular Ranges, which are part of the spinal column of the american continents. [ 62 ] The city lies on approximately 200 deep canyons and hills separating its mesa, creating small pockets of natural capable space scattered throughout the city and giving it a cragged geography. [ 63 ] Traditionally, San Diegans have built their homes and businesses on the mesa, while leaving the urban canyons relatively fantastic. [ 64 ] Thus, the canyons give parts of the city a segment feel, creating gaps between otherwise proximate neighborhoods and contributing to a low-density, car-centered environment. The San Diego River runs through the center of San Diego from east to west, creating a river valley that serves to divide the city into northern and southerly segments. During the historic period and presumably earlier vitamin a well, the river has shifted its stream back and forth between San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, and its fresh water system was the focus of the earliest spanish explorers. Miguel Costansó, a cartographer, wrote in 1769, “ When asked by signs where the watering-place was, the Indians pointed to a grove which could be seen at a considerable distance to the northeast, giving to understand that a river or brook flowed through it, and that they would lead our men to it if they would follow. ” [ 65 ] [ 66 ] That river was the San Diego River. [ 65 ] several reservoirs and Mission Trails Regional Park besides lie between and separate developed areas of the city .
Mission Valley facing Northwest, taken from Arista Street. Mission Bay can be seen in the distance. noteworthy peaks within the city limits include Cowles Mountain, the highest point in the city at 1,591 feet ( 485 megabyte ) ; [ 8 ] Black Mountain at 1,558 feet ( 475 megabyte ) ; and Mount Soledad at 824 feet ( 251 thousand ). The Cuyamaca Mountains and Laguna Mountains rise to the east of the city, and beyond the mountains are desert areas. The Cleveland National Forest is a half-hour drive from downtown San Diego. numerous farms are found in the valleys northeast and southeast of the city. In its 2013 ParkScore rate, The Trust for Public Land reported that San Diego had the 9th-best park organization among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. [ 67 ] ParkScore ranks city park systems by a convention that analyzes acreage, access, and overhaul and investment .

Communities and neighborhoods [edit ]

The City of San Diego recognizes 52 individual areas as Community Planning Areas. [ 68 ] Within a given design sphere there may be several clear-cut neighborhoods. Altogether the city contains more than 100 identify neighborhoods. Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeasterly, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and expressway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Peñasquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast fortune of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest recess of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego ( an Exclave ), such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located future to the Mexico–United States bound, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the buttocks of San Diego Bay connects these southerly neighborhoods with the respite of the city. [ 69 ] For the most part, San Diego vicinity boundaries tend to be understood by its residents based on geographic boundaries like canyons and street patterns. [ 70 ] The city recognized the importance of its neighborhoods when it organized its 2008 General Plan around the concept of a “ City of Villages ”. [ 71 ]

cityscape [edit ]

San Diego skyline, seen in January 2021 San Diego was in the first place centered on the Old Town district, but by the late 1860s the focus had shifted to the bayfront, in the impression that this fresh location would increase deal. As the “ New Town ” – contemporary Downtown – waterfront localization quickly developed, it eclipsed Old Town as the center of San Diego. [ 38 ] The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet ( 91 megabyte ) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927, the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963. [ 72 ] As clock time went on, multiple buildings claimed the claim of San Diego ‘s tallest skyscraper, including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers. presently the tallest build up in San Diego is One America Plaza, standing 500 feet ( 150 thousand ) tall, which was completed in 1991. [ 73 ] The business district horizon contains no super-talls, as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet ( 152 megabyte ) limit on the stature of buildings within a one-mile ( 1.6 kilometer ) radius of the San Diego International Airport. [ 74 ] An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox. [ 75 ] There are several newly high-rises under construction, including two that exceed 400 feet ( 122 m ) in height .

climate [edit ]

San Diego has one of the top-ten best climates in the United States, according to the Farmers’ Almanac [ 77 ] and has one of the two best summer climates in the country as scored by The Weather Channel. [ 78 ] Under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification organization, the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate ( BSh in the master classification [ 79 ] and BSkn in limited Köppen classification with the north denoting summer fog ) [ 80 ] or a mediterranean climate [ 81 ] ( Csa ). [ 82 ] San Diego ‘s climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and meek winters, with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March. The city has a balmy climate year-round, [ 83 ] with an median of 201 days above 70 °F ( 21 °C ) and low rain ( 9–13 inches [ 230–330 millimeter ] annually ). The climate in San Diego, like most of Southern California, much varies significantly over short geographic distances, resulting in microclimates. In San Diego, this is largely because of the city ‘s topography ( the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons ). frequently, peculiarly during the “ May gray/ June gloom “ menstruation, a thick “ nautical layer “ cloud report keeps the air cool and muffle within a few miles of the slide, but yields to bright cloudless cheerfulness approximately 5–10 miles ( 8–16 kilometer ) inland. [ 84 ] sometimes the June gloom lasts into July, causing cloudy skies over most of San Diego for the entire day. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] even in the absence of June gloom, inland areas know a lot more significant temperature variations than coastal areas, where the ocean serves as a control determine. frankincense, for model, downtown San Diego averages January lows of 50 °F ( 10 °C ) and August highs of 78 °F ( 26 °C ). The city of El Cajon, equitable 10 miles ( 16 kilometer ) inland from business district San Diego, averages January lows of 42 °F ( 6 °C ) and August highs of 88 °F ( 31 °C ). The average surface temperature of the water system at Scripps Pier in the California Current has increased by about 3 °F ( 1.7 °C ) since 1950, according to scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. [ 87 ] Additionally, the entail minimum is now above 40 °F ( 4 °C ), putting San Diego in boldness zone 11, with the last freeze having occurred many decades ago .
annual rain along the slide averages 10.65 inches ( 271 millimeter ) and the medial is 9.6 inches ( 240 millimeter ). [ 88 ] The months of December through March supply most of the rain, with February the only calendar month averaging 2 inches ( 51 millimeter ) or more. The months of May through September tend to be about completely dry. Although there are few wet days per month during the showery period, rain can be heavy when it does fall. Rainfall is normally greater in the higher elevations of San Diego ; some of the higher areas can receive 11–15 inches ( 280–380 millimeter ) per year. variability from class to year can be dramatic : in the wettest years of 1883/1884 and 1940/1941, more than 24 inches ( 610 millimeter ) fell, whilst in the driest years there was equally little as 3.2 inches ( 80 millimeter ). The wettest calendar month on record is December 1921 with 9.21 inches ( 234 millimeter ). Snow in the city is sol rare that it has been observed entirely six times in the century-and-a-half that records have been kept. In 1949 and 1967, snow stayed on the land for a few hours in higher locations like Point Loma and La Jolla. The early three occasions, in 1882, 1946, and 1987, involved flurries but no accretion. [ 89 ] On February 21, 2019, snow fell and accumulated in residential areas of the city, but none fell in the business district area. [ 90 ]

ecology [edit ]

Like much of southern California, the majority of San Diego ‘s current sphere was primitively occupied on the west by coastal sage scrub and on the east by scrub, plant communities made up by and large of drought-resistant shrubs. [ 95 ] The steep and vary topography and proximity to the ocean create a count of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The scrub and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire increased in the twentieth hundred, due chiefly to fires starting near the borders of urban and crazy areas. [ 96 ] San Diego ‘s across-the-board city limits encompass a number of large nature preserves, including Torrey Pines State Reserve, Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve, and Mission Trails Regional Park. Torrey Pines State Reserve and a coastal plunder continuing to the north form one of entirely two locations where the rare species of Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana, is found. [ 97 ] ascribable to the exorbitant topography that prevents or discourages construction, along with some efforts for conservation, there are besides a large number of canyons within the city limits that serve as nature preserves, including Switzer Canyon, Tecolote Canyon Natural Park, [ 98 ] and marian Bear Memorial Park in San Clemente Canyon, [ 99 ] arsenic well as a act of modest parks and preserves. San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and establish species that appear on the endangered list of counties in the United States. [ 100 ] Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded 492 different bird species, more than any other region in the country. [ 101 ] San Diego always scores high in the phone number of shuttlecock species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count, sponsored by the Audubon Society, and it is known as one of the “ birdiest ” areas in the United States. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] San Diego and its backcountry suffer from periodic wildfires. In October 2003, San Diego was the locate of the Cedar Fire, at that time the largest wildfire in California over the past century. [ 104 ] The fire burned 280,000 acres ( 1,100 km2 ), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes. [ 105 ] In accession to damage caused by the fire, smoke resulted in a meaning increase in emergency room visits due to asthma, respiratory problems, eye aggravation, and smoke inhalant ; the poor people air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week. [ 106 ] Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas, particularly within Rancho Bernardo, a well as the nearby communities of Rancho Santa Fe and Ramona. [ 100 ]

Demographics [edit ]

White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, or Other (yellow) Map of racial distribution in San Diego, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people :, or ( chicken ) The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a bring area of 372.1 square miles ( 963.7 km2 ). [ 112 ] The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a entire population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the country, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside–San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, which had a sum population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census. The 2010 population represents an increase of fair under 7 % from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. [ 109 ] The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population concentration was 3,771.9 inhabitants per feather mile ( 1,456.3/km2 ). The racial constitution of San Diego was 58.9 % White, 6.7 % african American, 0.6 % native American, 15.9 % Asian ( 5.9 % Filipino, 2.7 % Chinese, 2.5 % vietnamese, 1.3 % indian, 1.0 % Korean, 0.7 % japanese, 0.4 % lao, 0.3 % cambodian, 0.1 % Thai ). 0.5 % Pacific Islander ( 0.2 % Guamanian, 0.1 % Samoan, 0.1 % Native Hawaiian ), 12.3 % from early races, and 5.1 % from two or more races. The ethnic constitution of the city was 28.8 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) ; [ 109 ] [ 113 ] 24.9 % of the entire population were mexican American, 1.4 % were spanish American and 0.6 % were Puerto Rican. median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years, compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites ; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18, and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1 % of population 55 and older .
As of January 2019, the San Diego City and County had the fifth-largest homeless population among major cities in the United States, with 8,102 people experiencing homelessness. [ 114 ] In the city of San Diego, 4,887 individuals were experiencing homelessness according to the 2020 reckon. [ 115 ] In 2000 there were 451,126 households, out of which 30.2 % had children under the age of 18 surviving with them, 44.6 % were married couples living together, 11.4 % had a female homeowner with no conserve present, and 39.8 % were non-families. Households made up of individuals account for 28.0 %, and 7.4 % had person living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average family size was 2.61, and the average family size was 3.30. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in 2000, 24.0 % of San Diego residents were under 18, and 10.5 % were 65 and complete. [ 109 ] As of 2011 the median historic period was 35.6 ; more than a quarter of residents were under senesce 20 and 11 % were over age 65. [ 116 ] Millennials ( ages 18 through 34 ) constitute 27.1 % of San Diego ‘s population, the second-highest percentage in a major U.S. city. [ 117 ] The San Diego County regional planning representation, SANDAG, provides tables and graph breaking down the city population into five-year senesce groups. [ 118 ] In 2000, the median income for a family in the city was $ 45,733, and the median income for a family was $ 53,060. Males had a median income of $ 36,984 versus $ 31,076 for females. The per caput income for the city was $ 35,199. [ 119 ] According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city, [ 120 ] but about 10.6 % of families and 14.6 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0 % of those under historic period 18 and 7.6 % of those age 65 or over. [ 119 ] San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money cartridge holder, [ 121 ] although it was no long rated in the top 100 places by 2017. [ 122 ] As of January 1, 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the family medial income for San Diego rose to $ 66,715, up from $ 45,733 in 2000. [ 123 ] San Diego was named the ninth-most LGBT -friendly city in the U.S. in 2013. [ 124 ] The city besides has the seventh-highest share of gay residents in the U.S. Additionally in 2013, San Diego State University ( SDSU ), one of the city ‘s outstanding universities, was named one of the top LGBT-friendly campuses in the state. [ 125 ] According to a 2014 sketch by the Pew Research Center, 68 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 32 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 32 % professing Roman Catholic belief. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] while 27 % claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions ( including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism ) jointly make up approximately 5 % of the population .

economy [edit ]

The largest sectors of San Diego ‘s economy are defense/military, tourism, international trade, and inquiry / manufacture. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] In 2014, San Diego was designated by a Forbes columnist as the best city in the state to launch a small business or startup caller. [ 130 ] San Diego recorded a median family income of $ 79,646 in 2018, an increase of 3.89 % from $ 76,662 in 2017. [ 131 ] The median property respect in San Diego in 2018 was $ 654,700, [ 131 ] and the average home has two cars per family. [ 131 ]

Defense and military [edit ]

USS Midway museum ship The economy of San Diego is influenced by its deepwater port, which includes the only major submarine and shipbuilding yards on the West Coast. [ 132 ] several major national defense contractors were started and are headquartered in San Diego, including General Atomics, Cubic, and NASSCO. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] San Diego hosts the largest naval flit in the world : [ 135 ] In 2008 it was home to 53 ships, over 120 tenant commands, and more than 35,000 sailors, marines, Department of Defense civilian employees and contractors. [ 136 ] About 5 percentage of all civilian jobs in the county are military-related, and 15,000 businesses in San Diego County trust on Department of Defense contracts. [ 136 ] military bases in San Diego include US Navy facilities, Marine Corps bases, and Coast Guard stations. The city is “ home to the majority of the U.S. Pacific Fleet ‘s surface combatants, all of the Navy ‘s West Coast amphibious ships and a kind of Coast Guard and Military Sealift Command vessels ”. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] The military infrastructure in San Diego is hush growing and developing, with numerous military personnel stationed there, numbers of which are expected to rise. This plays a significant function in the city ‘s economy, as of 2020, it provides roughly 25 % of the GRP and provides 23 % of the full jobs in San Diego. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ]

tourism [edit ]

watch on Harbor Drive tourism is a major diligence owing to the city ‘s climate, beaches, [ 141 ] and tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont entertainment ballpark, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego ‘s spanish and mexican heritage is reflected in many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcalá and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. besides, the local craft brewing diligence attracts an increasing number of visitors [ 142 ] for “ beer tours ” and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November ; [ 143 ] San Diego has been called “ America ‘s Craft Beer Capital. ” [ 144 ] San Diego County hosted more than 32 million visitors in 2012 ; jointly they spent an estimated $ 8 billion. The visitor diligence provides employment for more than 160,000 people. [ 145 ] San Diego ‘s cruise transport diligence used to be the second-largest in California. Numerous cruise lines operate out of San Diego. however, cruise transport business has been in refuse since 2008, when the Port hosted over 250 ship calls and more than 900,000 passengers. By 2016–2017, the numeral of transport calls had fallen to 90. [ 146 ] local sightseeing cruises are offered in San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as whale-watching cruises to observe the migration of gray whales, peaking in mid-january. [ 147 ] Sport fish is another popular tourist attraction ; San Diego is home to southern California ‘s biggest sport fishing fleet. [ 148 ]

International trade [edit ]

San Diego ‘s commercial larboard and its placement on the United States–Mexico frame make international barter an authoritative divisor in the city ‘s economy. The city is authorized by the United States government to operate as a Foreign Trade Zone. [ 149 ] The city shares a 15-mile ( 24 kilometer ) edge with Mexico that includes two edge crossings. San Diego hosts the busiest international surround intersection in the world, in the San Ysidro vicinity at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. [ 150 ] A second, chiefly commercial frame crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area ; it is the largest commercial crossbreed on the California- Baja California surround and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade wind among all United States-Mexico estate crossings. [ 151 ] One of the Port of San Diego ‘s two cargo facilities is located in Downtown San Diego at the Tenth Avenue Marine Terminal. This terminal has facilities for containers, bulk cargo, and refrigerated and freeze storage, so that it can handle the import and export of many commodities. [ 152 ] In 2009 the Port of San Diego handled 1,137,054 short tons of sum trade ; extraneous trade wind accounted for 956,637 unretentive tons while domestic barter amounted to 180,417 shortstop tons. [ 153 ] historically tuna fish and can was one of San Diego ‘s major industries, [ 154 ] although the american tuna fish evanesce is no long based in San Diego. Seafood party Bumble Bee Foods is headquartered in San Diego and Chicken of the Sea was until 2018. [ 155 ] [ 156 ]

Companies [edit ]

San Diego hosts several major producers of radio cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego. [ 157 ] other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered hera include Nokia, LG Electronics, [ 158 ] Kyocera International, [ 159 ] Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless. [ 160 ] San Diego besides has the U.S. headquarter for the slovakian security company ESET. [ 161 ] San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for likely collaboration between radio and the life sciences. [ 162 ] The University of California, San Diego and other research institutions have helped to fuel the growth of biotechnology. [ 163 ] In 2013, San Diego had the second-largest biotechnology cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. [ 164 ] There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. [ 165 ] In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and inquiry facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. [ 166 ] Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is besides home to more than 140 abridge inquiry organizations ( CROs ) that provide abridge services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. [ 167 ]

lead employers [edit ]

According to the city ‘s 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, [ 168 ] the top employers in the city are :

real estate of the realm [edit ]

San Diego has high substantial estate prices. San Diego home prices peaked in 2005, and then declined along with the national course. As of December 2010, prices were toss off 36 percentage from the acme, [ 169 ] median price of homes having declined by more than $ 200,000 between 2005 and 2010. [ 170 ] As of May 2015, the median price of a house was $ 520,000. [ 171 ] In November 2018 the medial home price was $ 558,000. The San Diego metropolitan area had one of the worst house affordability rankings of all metropolitan areas in the United States in 2009. [ 172 ] consequently, San Diego has experienced negative net migration since 2004. A significant number of people moved to adjacent Riverside County, commuting day by day to jobs in San Diego, while others are leaving the region raw and moving to more low-cost regions. [ 173 ]

government [edit ]

local anesthetic politics [edit ]

The city is governed by a mayor and a nine-member city council. In 2006, its government changed from a council–manager government to a strong mayor government, as decided by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in consequence the headman executive officeholder of the city, while the council is the legislative body. [ 174 ] The City of San Diego is creditworthy for police, populace safety, streets, water and sewer military service, design and zone, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a refuge city, [ 175 ] however, San Diego County is a player of the Secure Communities program. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] As of 2011, the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $ 733 million. [ 178 ]
The members of the city council are each elected from single-member districts within the city. The mayor and city lawyer are elected directly by the voters of the integral city. The mayor, city lawyer, and council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit. [ 179 ] Elections are held on a non-partisan footing per California state law ; however, most officeholders do identify themselves as either Democrats or Republicans. In 2007, registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city, [ 180 ] and Democrats presently ( as of 2021 ) hold a 8–1 majority in the city council. The current mayor, Todd Gloria, is a penis of the Democratic Party. San Diego is contribution of San Diego County, and includes all or partially of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th supervisorial districts of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors, [ 181 ] other county officers elected in separate by city residents include the Sheriff, District Attorney, Assessor/Recorder/County Clerk, and Treasurer/Tax Collector. Areas of the city immediately adjacent to San Diego Bay ( “ tidelands “ ) are administered by the Port of San Diego, a quasi-governmental agency which owns all the property in the tidelands and is responsible for its land manipulation plan, patrol, and like functions. San Diego is a extremity of the regional planning agency San Diego Association of Governments ( SANDAG ). public schools within the city are managed and funded by autonomous educate districts ( see below ) .

state of matter and federal representation [edit ]

In the California State Senate, San Diego County encompasses the 38th, 39th and 40th districts, [ 182 ] represented by Brian Jones ( R ), Toni Atkins ( D ), and Ben Hueso ( D ), respectively. In the California State Assembly, lying partially within the city of San Diego are the 77th, 78th, 79th, and 80th districts, [ 183 ] represented by Brian Maienschein ( D ), Chris Ward ( D ), Akilah Weber ( D ), and Vacant, respectively. In the United States House of Representatives, San Diego County includes parts or all of California ‘s 49th, 50th, 51st, 52nd, and 53rd congressional districts, [ 184 ] represented by Mike Levin ( D ), Darrell Issa ( R ), Juan Vargas ( D ), Scott Peters ( D ), and Sara Jacobs ( D ), respectively .

election history [edit ]

After narrowly supporting Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, San Diego provided majorities to all six Republican presidential candidates from 1968 to 1988. however, in more recent decades, San Diego has trended in favor of democratic presidential candidates for president of the united states. George H.W. Bush in 1988 is the final republican campaigner to carry San Diego in a presidential election .

major scandals [edit ]

San Diego was the site of the 1912 San Diego free lecture crusade, in which the city restricted language, vigilantes brutalized and torment anarchists, and the San Diego Police Department killed a member of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ). In 1916, rainmaker Charles Hatfield was blamed for $ 4 million in damages and accused of causing San Diego ‘s worst flood, during which about 20 japanese american english farmers died. [ 200 ] Then-mayor Roger Hedgecock was forced to resign his post in 1985, after he was found guilty of one count of conspiracy and 12 counts of perjury, related to the alleged failure to report all campaign contributions. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] After a series of appeals, the 12 perjury counts were dismissed in 1990 based on claims of juror wrongdoing ; the remaining conspiracy count was reduced to a misdemeanor and then dismissed. [ 203 ] A 2002 scheme to underfund pensions for city employees led to the San Diego pension scandal. This resulted in the resignation of newly re-elected Mayor Dick Murphy [ 204 ] and the criminal indictment of six pension board members. [ 205 ] Those charges were ultimately dismissed by a union evaluate in 2010. [ 206 ] On November 28, 2005, U.S. Congressman Randy “ Duke ” Cunningham resigned after being convicted on union bribery charges. He had represented California ‘s fiftieth congressional zone, which includes much of the northern helping of the city of San Diego. In 2006, Cunningham was sentenced to a 100-month prison sentence. [ 207 ] He was released in 2013. In 2005 two city council members, Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet – who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned – were convicted of extortion, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit electrify fraud for taking crusade contributions from a strip clubhouse owner and his associates, allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city ‘s “ no touch ” laws at strip clubs. [ 208 ] Both subsequently resigned. Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison. [ 209 ] In 2009, a judge acquitted Zucchet on seven out of the nine counts against him, and granted his prayer for a new trial on the other two charges ; [ 210 ] the remaining charges were finally dropped. [ 211 ] In July 2013, three former supporters of mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated intimate harassment. [ 212 ] Over the ensuing six weeks, 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them, [ 213 ] and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign. Filner agreed to resign effective August 30, 2013, subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to sign of the zodiac catch and probation. [ 214 ] [ 215 ]

crime [edit ]

San Diego was ranked as the 20th-safest city in America in 2013 by Business Insider. [ 216 ] According to Forbes magazine, San Diego was the ninth-safest city in the top 10 list of safe cities in the U.S. in 2010. [ 217 ] Like most major cities, San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000. 1991 would mark the city ‘s deadliest year, registering 179 homicides [ 218 ] within city limits ( while the region as a wholly peaked at 278 homicides ), [ 219 ] capping off an unabated, eight-year climb in murders, rapes, robberies, and assault dating back to 1983. At the clock time, the city was ranked last among the 10 most populous U.S. cities in homicides per 1,000 population, and ninth in crimes per 1,000. [ 220 ] From 1980 to 1994, San Diego surpassed 100 murders ten-spot times before tapering off to 91 homicides in 1995. That count would not exceed 79 for the next 15 years. [ 221 ] Crime in San Diego increased in the early 2000s. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] [ 224 ] In 2004, San Diego had the sixth lowest crime rate of any U.S. city with over half a million residents. [ 224 ] From 2002 to 2006, the crime rate overall dropped 0.8 %, though not evenly by class. While crimson crime decreased 12.4 % during this period, place crime increased 1.1 %. entire property crimes per 100,000 people were lower than the national average in 2008. [ 225 ] According to Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in 2010, there were 5,616 violent crimes and 30,753 property crimes. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of forcible rapes, 73 robberies and 170 exacerbate assaults, while 6,387 burglaries, 17,977 larceny-thefts, 6,389 drive vehicle thefts and 155 acts of arson defined the property offenses. [ 226 ] In 2013, San Diego had the lowest mangle rate of the ten-spot largest cities in the United States. [ 227 ]

education [edit ]

Primary and secondary schools [edit ]

Public schools in San Diego are operated by autonomous school districts. The majority of the public schools in the city are served by the San Diego Unified School District, the second-largest school zone in California, which includes 11 K–8 schools, 107 elementary schools, 24 middle schools, 13 atypical and option schools, 28 gamey schools, and 45 charter schools. [ 228 ] respective adjacent school districts which are headquartered outside the city limits serve some schools within the city ; these include the Poway Unified School District, Del Mar Union School District, San Dieguito Union High School District, and Sweetwater Union High School District. In addition, there are a numeral of private schools in the city .

Colleges and universities [edit ]

According to education rankings released by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2017, 44.4 % of San Diegans ( city, not county ) ages 25 and older retain knight bachelor ‘s degrees, compared to 30.9 % in the United States as a whole. The census ranks the city as the ninth-most educate city in the United States, based on these figures. [ 229 ] The largest university in the area is the University of California, San Diego ( UCSD ). The university is the southernmost campus of the University of California system and is the second gear largest employer in the city. It is the only university in the city that is classified “ R1 : doctoral Universities – identical high gear research activity ”, and it has the 7th largest research expending in the country. [ 230 ] other populace colleges and universities in the city include San Diego State University ( SDSU ) and the San Diego Community College District, which includes San Diego City College, San Diego Mesa College, and San Diego Miramar College. individual non-profit colleges and universities in the city include the University of San Diego ( USD ), Point Loma Nazarene University ( PLNU ), National University ‘s San Diego campus, University of Redlands ‘ School of Business San Diego campus, Brandman University ‘s San Diego campus, San Diego Christian College, and John Paul the Great Catholic University. For-profit institutions include Alliant International University ( AIU ), California International Business University ( CIBU ), California College San Diego, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising ‘s San Diego campus, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, Platt College, Southern States University ( SSU ), UEI College, and Woodbury University School of Architecture ‘s satellite campus. There is one medical school in the city, the UCSD School of Medicine. There are three ABA accredited law schools in the city, which include California Western School of Law, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, and University of San Diego School of Law. There is besides one jurisprudence educate, Western Sierra Law School, not accredited by the ABA .

Libraries [edit ]

The city-run San Diego Public Library system is headquartered downtown and has 36 branches throughout the city. [ 231 ] The newest location is in Skyline Hills, which broke establish in 2015. [ 232 ] The libraries have had reduced operational hours since 2003 due to the city ‘s fiscal problems. In 2006 the city increased spend on libraries by $ 2.1 million. [ 233 ] A raw nine-story Central Library on Park Boulevard at J Street opened on September 30, 2013. [ 234 ] In addition to the municipal populace library system, there are about two twelve libraries open to the public tend by other governmental agencies, and by schools, colleges, and universities. [ 235 ] Noteworthy are the Malcolm A. Love Library at San Diego State University, and the Geisel Library at the University of California, San Diego .

culture [edit ]

many democratic museums, such as the San Diego Museum of Art, the San Diego Natural History Museum, the Museum of Us, the Museum of Photographic Arts, and the San Diego Air & Space Museum, are located in Balboa Park, which is besides the location of the San Diego Zoo. The museum of Contemporary Art San Diego ( MCASD ) is located in La Jolla and has a branch located at the Santa Fe Depot business district. The business district arm consists of two buildings on two opposite streets. The Columbia zone downtown is home to historic ship exhibits belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum, headlined by the Star of India, arsenic well as the unrelated San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum featuring the USS Midway aircraft carrier wave. The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a even basis ; from 2004 to 2017, its director was Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, now directed by David Bennett, was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and musicals annually. The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley. Both the Old Globe Theatre and the La Jolla Playhouse have produced the world premieres of plays and musicals that have gone on to win Tony Awards [ 236 ] or nominations [ 237 ] on Broadway. The Joan B. Kroc Theatre at Kroc Center ‘s Performing Arts Center is a 600-seat state-of-the-art dramaturgy that hosts music, dancing, and theater performances. The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Westfield Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals. Hundreds of movies and a twelve television receiver shows have been filmed in San Diego, a custom going back american samoa far as 1898. [ 238 ]

Sports [edit ]

professional sports [edit ]

The San Diego region is presently home to one major master team— Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ‘s San Diego Padres, american samoa well as several other top-level professional sports teams and minor league teams .

baseball [edit ]

The Padres play at Petco Park in Downtown ‘s East Village. Prior to the open of Petco Park in 2004, the Padres had played their family games at San Diego Stadium ( besides known as Jack Murphy Stadium and Qualcomm Stadium ) in Mission Valley since joining Major League Baseball in 1969 as an expansion team. The Padres originated as a Minor League Baseball ( MiLB ) team in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ), where they played from 1936 through 1968 until they joined Major League Baseball. As a PCL team, the Padres were based at Lane Field ( now the web site of the InterContinental Hotel San Diego ) in Downtown ‘s Columbia neighborhood from 1936 through 1957, and Westgate Park in Mission Valley ( now the web site of Fashion Valley Mall ) from 1958 through 1967. Their final examination temper as a minor league team, 1968, was besides their beginning at San Diego Stadium. San Diego has hosted the MLB All-Star Game three times : 1978 and 1992 at San Diego Stadium, and 2016 at Petco Park. additionally, Petco Park has served as one of the host sites of the World Baseball Classic three times : 2006, the inauguration tournament ( for which San Diego hosted the backing ), 2009, and 2017 .
From 1961 through the 2016 season, the city hosted a National Football League ( NFL ) franchise, the San Diego Chargers. The Chargers, members of the American Football League ( AFL ) until the AFL–NFL fusion in 1970, were based at Mission Valley ‘s San Diego Stadium from 1967 through the 2016 temper, and previously at Balboa Stadium in East Village – Balboa Park from 1961 through 1966. In 2017, they moved to Los Angeles following a request by owner Dean Spanos to relocate the team to SoFi Stadium, a raw stadium constructed by Los Angeles Rams owner Stan Kroenke, where the Chargers would be a tenant and plowshare the modern stadium with the Rams. They are now known as the Los Angeles Chargers. [ 239 ]
The San Diego Fleet, who besides played at San Diego Stadium ( then known as SDCCU Stadium ) competed in the one season of the ephemeral Alliance of American Football ( AAF ). Three NFL Super Bowl championships were held at San Diego Stadium : Super Bowl XXII in 1988, Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003 .

basketball [edit ]

San Diego has a history in master basketball, all encompassed within an 18-year period from 1967 to 1984. The San Diego Rockets, a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) expansion franchise, played from 1967 to 1971. The franchise was founded and owned by local sports booster Robert Breitbard, who besides founded and owned the original San Diego Gulls ice hockey franchise of the Western Hockey League and developed the San Diego Sports Arena ( initially known as the San Diego International Sports Center ), where the Rockets played. In 1971, the Rockets were sold and relocated to Houston after Breitbard encountered fiscal distress due to tax-assessment issues surrounding the sports sphere, which ultimately prevented sale of the team to another local owner. The tax issues besides led to Breitbard relinquishing control of the stadium to Canadian millionaire Peter Graham, who ‘s alleged mismanagement of the arena hampered future sports tenants. The franchise is immediately known as the Houston Rockets. The 1971 NBA All-Star Game was held at the San Diego Sports Arena, hosted by the Rockets fair months anterior to the team ‘s sale and resettlement. During the 1971–72 NBA season, San Diego was the half-time home plate of the Golden State Warriors for six home games ( one each calendar month of the season ). The Warriors notably changed their name from “ San Francisco “ to “ Golden State ” anterior to the season as the team was searching for a fresh home arena and looked to make a bid for the San Diego market ( a well as Oakland ) following the departure of the Rockets to Houston. The team ultimately stayed in the San Francisco Bay Area, settling broad time in Oakland at Oakland Arena the following season. From 1972 to 1975, San Diego was home to the San Diego Conquistadors of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ), the league ‘s first ( and ultimately alone ) expansion team. Known as the Conquistadors ( a.k.a. “ The Q ‘s ” ) for its inaugural three seasons, the diagnose was changed to the San Diego Sails following a change in possession for the 1975–76 season. The franchise was folded 11 games into that season after possession learned that the team was to be shut out of the approaching ABA–NBA fusion, reportedly at the imperativeness of then- Los Angeles Lakers owner Jack Kent Cooke. Cooke was upset that the San Diego franchise had signed early Lakers leading Wilt Chamberlain away from his franchise two years anterior ( Lakers ownership successfully sued Chamberlain over the compress, ultimately preventing Chamberlain from playing with the Conquistadors, relegating him to coaching duties ) and besides expressed unwillingness of allowing another team in Southern California. [ 240 ] The Conquistadors/Sails played at Peterson Gymnasium for the 1972–73 temper and Golden Hall for the 1973–74 season before ownership was permitted to base the team at the San Diego Sports Arena, where it played the remainder of its games. Professional basketball returned from 1978 to 1984, in the mannequin of the NBA ‘s San Diego Clippers, the relocated successor to the Buffalo Braves franchise. The team was based at the San Diego Sports Arena. In 1981, the Clippers were bought by Los Angeles-area real estate of the realm developer Donald Sterling. sterling attempted to move the team the come class in 1982 to his home of Los Angeles, but his request was denied by the NBA, which investigated Sterling ‘s alleged far-flung mismanagement of the franchise the same year. The investigation reputation recommended the result of Sterling ‘s ownership of the Clippers on the basis that he had failed to pay creditors and players on time. Days before a schedule vote to terminate his possession, he announced he would sell the team, prompting the league to cancel the scheduled vote. Sterling ultimately remained owner, satisfying league officials by rather relinquishing functional duties of the franchise. In 1984, Sterling again applied to relocate the team to Los Angeles, and despite again being denied permission to do thus from the NBA, moved the team to Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena. Lawsuits followed, but Sterling ultimately prevailed and was able to keep the team in Los Angeles, besides in part due to his close personal friendship with then-Lakers owner Jerry Buss, who welcomed sharing the Los Angeles market with Sterling ‘s franchise. [ 241 ] The franchise is now known as the Los Angeles Clippers. San Diego has not hosted major professional basketball since .

Ice ice hockey [edit ]

Though San Diego has never hosted a National Hockey League ( NHL ) team, the city is represented by the San Diego Gulls of the American Hockey League, the highest level of minor league ice ice hockey. The current version of the Gulls, which began play in 2015 after relocating from Norfolk, Virginia, plays at Pechanga Arena and following a long ancestry of professional ice ice hockey teams which have used the San Diego Gulls name. The original San Diego Gulls, which played from 1966 until 1974, were the beginning tenants at the San Diego Sports Arena .

soccer [edit ]

San Diego has never hosted a Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team, though it is presently represented by San Diego Loyal SC of the USL Championship ( the highest level of minor league soccer ) ampere well as San Diego 1904 FC of the National Independent Soccer Association ( the second-highest level of minor league soccer ). The city besides hosts the San Diego Sockers of the Major Arena Soccer League, the highest floor of professional indoor soccer. The current version of the Sockers follows a ancestry of other professional soccer teams which have used the San Diego Sockers identify. In 2022, the city will become the dwelling to a a newly expansion team of the National Women ‘s Soccer League ( NWSL ), slated to play its home games at Torero Stadium for its inaugural temper before moving to more permanent wave home by 2023. [ 242 ]

lacrosse [edit ]

The San Diego Seals of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) represent San Diego at box lacrosse ‘s highest charge. The team was founded by Joseph Tsai and began play in 2018, playing their games at Pechanga Arena .

rugby [edit ]

Rugby is a developing sport in the city, with top flush professional teams representing San Diego in both union and league rules competition. The San Diego Legion of Major League Rugby ( MLR ), the highest level of rugby union, is based in the city at Torero Stadium, having began play in 2018 as one of the league ‘s establish franchises. The San Diego Swell of the north american Rugby League ( NARL ), the highest level of rugby league, were announced in 2021 as a initiation member of the league and are expected to begin play in 2022. [ 243 ] The San Diego Breakers, who played in the entirely season of PRO Rugby ( 2016 ) before the league folded, alike played at Torero Stadium. The USA Sevens, a major international rugby event, was besides held at the lapp stadium from 2007 through 2009. San Diego is besides represented by Old Mission Beach Athletic Club RFC, [ 244 ] the early home club of USA Rugby ‘s early Captain Todd Clever. [ 245 ] San Diego participated in the western American National Rugby League between 2011 and 2013. [ 246 ]

other sports [edit ]

San Diego has hosted numerous other major sports events. College football ‘s annual stadium bet on, the Holiday Bowl, is held in the city. The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament ( once the Buick Invitational ) on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course. This run was besides the locate of the 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship. Soccer, American football, and track and field are besides played in Balboa Stadium, the city ‘s first gear stadium, which was constructed in 1914. [ 247 ] The San Diego Yacht Club hosted the America ‘s Cup yacht races three times during the period 1988 to 1995. The amateur beach frolic Over-the-line was invented in San Diego, [ 248 ] and the annual worldly concern Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every class. [ 249 ]

Teams [edit ]

major professional team [edit ]

early highest-level professional teams [edit ]

Minor league master teams [edit ]

College teams [edit ]

San Diego hosts three NCAA Division I universities : San Diego State University ; the University of California, San Diego ; and the University of San Diego. The city besides hosts Point Loma Nazarene University of NCAA Division II. besides in the San Diego area are California State University, San Marcos of NCAA Division II and the University of Saint Katherine of the NAIA, both located in San Marcos, and San Diego Christian College of the NAIA, located in Santee .

Media [edit ]

Published within the city are the casual newspaper, The San Diego Union Tribune and its on-line portal of the same mention, [ 250 ] and the alternative newsweeklies, the San Diego CityBeat and San Diego Reader. Times of San Diego is a absolve on-line newspaper covering news in the metropolitan area. Voice of San Diego is a non-profit on-line newsworthiness wall socket covering government, politics, department of education, neighborhoods, and the arts. The San Diego Daily Transcript is a business-oriented on-line newspaper. San Diego is besides the headquarters of national reactionary cable television receiver channel One America News Network ( OANN ), which was founded in 2013 and is owned by Herring Networks. The network gained notoriety for being ardent supporters of Donald Trump and providing a platform for rightist conspiracy theories. San Diego led U.S. local markets with 69.6 percentage broadband penetration in 2004 according to Nielsen//NetRatings. [ 251 ] San Diego ‘s first television receiver post was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. [ 252 ] Since the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) licensed seven television receiver stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it potential for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico ( with ITU prefixes of XE and XH ) besides serve the San Diego commercialize. television stations today include XHTJB 3 ( Once television ), XETV 6 ( Canal 5 ), KFMB 8 ( CBS, with CW / MNTV on DT2 ), KGTV 10 ( ABC ), XEWT 12 ( Televisa Regional ), KPBS 15 ( PBS ), KBNT-CD 17 ( Univision ), XHTIT-TDT 21 ( Azteca 7 ), XHJK-TDT 27 ( Azteca 13 ), XHAS 33 ( Telemundo ), K35DG-D 35 ( UCSD-TV ), KDTF-LD 51 ( Unimás ), KNSD 39 ( NBC ), KZSD-LP 20 ( Azteca America ), KSEX-CD 42 ( Infomercials ), XHBJ-TDT 45 ( Gala television receiver ), XHDTV 49 ( Milenio Televisión ), KUSI 51 ( Independent ), XHUAA-TDT 57 ( Canal de las Estrellas ), and KSWB-TV 69 ( Fox ). San Diego has an 80.6 percentage cable television penetration rate. [ 253 ]
Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television receiver station duopoly between two full-power stations under FCC regulations, which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full-power television stations and require that there be eight unique place owners that remain once a duopoly is formed ( there are merely seven full-power stations on the California side of the San Diego-Tijuana marketplace ). [ 254 ] Though the E. W. Scripps Company owns KGTV and KZSD-LP, they are not considered a duopoly under the FCC ‘s legal definition as coarse ownership between full-power and low-power television stations in the lapp market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area. As a whole, the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly ( Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV, Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV, and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV, which was once managed by California-based subordinate Bay City Television ). San Diego ‘s television marketplace is limited to lone San Diego County. The Imperial Valley, including El Centro, is in the Yuma, Arizona television marketplace while neighboring Orange and Riverside counties are share of the Los Angeles market. ( Sometimes in the by, a missing network affiliate in the Imperial Valley would be available on cable television television receiver from San Diego. ) As a leave, San Diego is the largest single-county media market in the United States. The radio stations in San Diego include nationally broadcaster iHeartMedia ; Entercom Communications, Local Media San Diego, and many other smaller stations and networks. Stations include : KOGO AM 600, KGB AM 760, KCEO AM 1000, KCBQ AM 1170, K-Praise, KLSD AM 1360, KFSD 1450 AM, KPBS-FM 89.5, Channel 933, Star 94.1, FM 94/9, FM News and Talk 95.7, Q96 96.1, KyXy 96.5, free Radio San Diego ( AKA Pirate Radio San Diego ) 96.9FM FRSD, KWFN 97.3, KXSN 98.1, Big-FM 100.7, 101.5 KGB-FM, KLVJ 102.1, KSON 103.7, Rock 105.3, and another Pirate Radio post at 106.9FM, ampere well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations .

infrastructure [edit ]

Utilities [edit ]

Water is supplied to residents by the Water Department of the City of San Diego. The city receives most of its water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. Gas and electric utilities are provided by San Diego Gas & Electric, a division of Sempra Energy .

Street lights [edit ]

In the mid-20th hundred the city had mercury vapor street lamps. In 1978, the city decided to replace them with more effective sodium vapor lamps. This triggered an outshout from astronomers at Palomar Observatory 60 miles ( 100 kilometer ) north of the city, concerned that the new lamps would increase abstemious befoulment and hinder astronomic observation. [ 255 ] The city altered its lighting regulations to limit light befoulment within 30 miles ( 50 kilometer ) of Palomar. [ 256 ] In 2011, the city announced plans to upgrade 80 % of its street lighting to new energy-efficient lights that use induction engineering, a limited form of fluorescent lamp producing a broader spectrum than sodium vaporization lamps. The new system is predicted to save $ 2.2 million per year in department of energy and maintenance. [ 257 ] The city stated the changes would “ make our neighborhoods safer. ” [ 257 ] They besides increase alight contamination. [ 258 ] In 2014, San Diego announced plans to become the beginning U.S. city to install cyber-controlled street alight, using an “ intelligent ” lighting arrangement to control 3,000 LED street lights. [ 259 ]

transportation [edit ]

I-5 looking south toward downtown San Diego With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percentage of residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes Interstate 5, which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles ; Interstate 8, which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor ; Interstate 15, which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City ; and Interstate 805, which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley. major department of state highways include SR 94, which connects downtown with I-805, I-15 and East County ; SR 163, which connects business district with the northeast partially of the city, intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at Miramar ; SR 52, which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125 ; SR 56, which connects I-5 with I-15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Peñasquitos ; SR 75, which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and besides passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue ; and SR 905, which connects I-5 and I-805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry. The stretch of SR 163 that passes through Balboa Park is San Diego ‘s oldest expressway, and has been called one of America ‘s most beautiful parkways. [ 260 ]
view of Coronado and San Diego from the breeze San Diego ‘s roadway system provides an across-the-board network of cycle routes. Its dry and mild climate makes cycling a commodious year-round option ; however, the city ‘s cragged terrain and retentive average trip distances make cycling less operable. Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be oriented to utility cycle. This is partially because of the power system street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban congress of racial equality, where suburban style arterial roads are much more common. As a result, the majority of cycle is recreational. In 2006, San Diego was rated the best city ( with a population over 1 million ) for bicycle in the U.S. [ 261 ] San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system, [ 262 ] by the SDMTS bus system, [ 263 ] secret jitneys in some neighborhoods, [ 264 ] and by Coaster [ 265 ] and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner [ 266 ] commuter rail ; northerly San Diego county is besides served by the Sprinter light railing line. [ 267 ] The streetcar chiefly serves business district and surrounding urban communities, Mission Valley, east county, and coastal south bay. A mid-coast extension of the Trolley operates from Old Town to University City and the University of California, San Diego along the I-5 Freeway, beginning in November 2021. The Amtrak and Coaster trains presently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner. There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot business district. San Diego theodolite information about populace fare and permute is available on the Web and by dialing “ 511 ” from any call in the area. [ 268 ]
Cross Border Xpress bridge from the terminal in San Diego on the right to the main terminal of Tijuana Airport on the left The city has two major commercial airports within or near its city limits. Downtown San Diego International Airport ( SAN ), besides known as Lindbergh Field, is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. [ 269 ] It served over 24 million passengers in 2018, and is dealing with larger numbers every year. [ 270 ] It is located on San Diego Bay, three miles ( 4.8 kilometer ) from downtown, and maintains scheduled flights to the perch of the United States ( including Hawaii ), deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as to Canada, Germany, Mexico, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an mugwump agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. Tijuana International Airport has a end within the city limits in the Otay Mesa district connected to the rest of the airport in Tijuana, Mexico, via the Cross Border Xpress cross-border footbridge. It is the primary airport for flights to the rest of Mexico, and offers connections via Mexico City to the respite of Latin America. In addition, the city has two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field ( MYF ) and Brown Field ( SDM ). [ 271 ] holocene regional transportation projects have sought to mitigate congestion, including improvements to local freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise transport end. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around “ The Merge ” where these two freeways meet, vitamin a well as expansion of Interstate 15 through North County, which includes new high-occupancy-vehicle ( HOV ) “ managed lanes ”. A tollway ( the southerly helping of SR 125, known as the South Bay Expressway ) connects strontium 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican molding. According to an appraisal in 2007, 37 percentage of city streets were in acceptable condition. however, the propose budget fell $ 84.6 million short of bringing streets up to an acceptable level. [ 272 ] expansion at the larboard has included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier, opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal Two. [ 273 ]

luminary people [edit ]

sister cities [edit ]

San Diego ‘s baby cities are : [ 274 ]

Notes [edit ]

1. ^London-Gatwick and Mumbai International, which both handle slightly more traffic, each have two operational runways, though only one can be used at a time because of aircraft separation requirements (leading to these airports frequently being misleadingly referred to as “single-runway airports”).
2. ^ Mean monthly utmost and minimum ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an stallion month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020 .
3. ^[91] Temperature records, however, only date from October 1874. For more information on data coverage, see official haste records for San Diego were kept at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from October 1850 to December 1859 at the Mission San Diego and from November 1871 to June 1939 and a kind of buildings at business district, and at San Diego Int’l ( Lindbergh Field ) since July 1939.Temperature records, however, alone date from October 1874. For more information on data coverage, see ThreadEx

References [edit ]

General sources [edit ]