Sea-based city-states on the italian peninsula during the Middle Ages

Genoa, ease up of the italian Navy, displaying the coat of arms of the best acknowledge maritime republics ( clockwise from the upper leave ) : Venice Pisa, and Amalfi The maritime republics ( italian : repubbliche marinare ), besides called merchant republics ( italian : repubbliche mercantili ), of the Mediterranean Basin were thalassocratic city-states in Italy and Dalmatia during the Middle Ages. The best known among them were Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi ; less known, but not constantly less important, are Ragusa ( now Dubrovnik ), Gaeta, [ 1 ] Ancona, [ 2 ] and the fiddling [ 3 ] Republic of Noli. [ 4 ]

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From the tenth century, they built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive craft networks across the Mediterranean, giving them an essential role in reestablishing contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa, which had been interrupted during the early Middle Ages. These contacts were not merely commercial, but besides cultural and artistic. They besides had an all-important function in the Crusades. [ 5 ]

Origins [edit ]

Map and coats of arms of the nautical republics The expression “ nautical republics ” refers to the italian city-states which, since the Middle Ages, enjoyed political autonomy and economic prosperity, thanks to their nautical activities. The economic growth of Europe around the class 1000, together with the hazards of the mainland deal routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the Mediterranean coast. The growing independence acquired by some coastal cities gave them a leading function in this development. These cities, exposed to pirate raids ( largely Saracen ), organized their own defense, providing themselves solid war fleets. therefore, in the 10th and 11th centuries they were able to switch to an dysphemistic stance, taking advantage of the competition between the Byzantine and Islamic nautical powers and competing with them for restraint over department of commerce and trade routes to Asia and Africa. [ 5 ] They were by and large republics and formally freelancer, though most of them originated from territories once formally belonging to the Byzantine Empire ( the independent exceptions being Genoa and Pisa ). During the clock time of their independence, all these cities had exchangeable ( though not identical ) systems of politics, in which the merchant class had considerable office. The maritime republics became heavily involved in the Levantine Crusades of the 10th to 13th centuries. They provided transmit and support to Crusaders. They specially took advantage of the political and trade opportunities created by the fight. The Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, originally intended to recapture Jerusalem, actually resulted in the venetian conquest of Zara and Constantinople. Venice, Genoa, and Pisa had district over unlike abroad lands, including many Mediterranean islands ( specially Sardinia and Corsica ), lands on the Adriatic, Aegean, and Black Sea ( Crimea ), and commercial colonies in the Near East and in North Africa. Venice stands out from the rest in that it maintained enormous tracts of bring in Greece, Cyprus, Istria, and Dalmatia until equally late as the mid-17th century .

The maritime republics over the centuries [edit ]

9th century	10th century	11th century	12th century	13th century	14th century	15th century	16th century	17th century	18th century	19th century
Amalfi, Gaeta and Venice		Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Ancona, Ragusa and Noli				Venice, Genoa, Ancona and Ragusa	Venice, Genoa and Ragusa

Development [edit ]

The history of the assorted maritime republics is quite deviate, reflecting their different lifespans. Venice, Genoa, Noli, and Ragusa had very long lives, with an independence that outlasted the medieval time period and continued up to the doorsill of the contemporary earned run average, when the italian and european states were devastated by the Napoleonic Wars. other republics kept their independence until the Renaissance : Pisa came under the dominion of the Republic of Florence in 1406, and Ancona came under control of the Papal States in 1532. [ 2 ] Amalfi and Gaeta, though, lost their independence identical soon : the first in 1131 and the irregular in 1140, both having passed into the hands of the Normans .
The nautical republics formed autonomous republican governments, an expression of the merchant class that constituted the anchor of their power. The history of the nautical republics intertwines both with the launching of european expansion to the East and with the origins of advanced capitalism as a mercantile and fiscal system. Using gold coins, the merchants of the italian nautical republics began to develop newfangled foreign exchange transactions and account. technical advances in navigation provided essential support for the increase of mercantile wealth. [ 6 ] Nautical charts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries all belong to the schools of Genoa, Venice and Ancona. [ 7 ]
The Crusades offered opportunities for expansion. They increasingly relied on italian ocean transport, for which the republics extracted concessions of colonies a well as a cash price. Venice, Amalfi, Ancona, [ 2 ] and Ragusa were already engaged in trade with the Levant, but the phenomenon increased with the Crusades : thousands of Italians from the nautical republics poured into the easterly Mediterranean and the Black Sea, creating bases, ports and commercial establishments known as “ colonies ”. These were little gate enclaves within a city, much barely a single street, where the laws of the italian city were administered by a governor appointed from home, and there would be a church under home legal power and shops with italian styles of food. These italian mercantile centers besides exerted significant political influence locally : the italian merchants formed club -like associations in their business centers, aiming to obtain legal, tax and customs privileges from alien governments. respective personal dominions arose. Pera in Constantinople, beginning Genoese and late ( under the Ottomans ) Venetian, was the largest and best known italian trading basal .

expansion and influence of Amalfi
expansion and influence of Pisa
expansion and influence of Genoa
expansion and charm of Venice
Trade routes of Ancona
Trade routes of Ragusa
genoese Holdings in the 12th–13th hundred
venetian Holdings in the 15th–16th hundred
Pisan Holdings in the twelfth hundred

Amalfi [edit ]

Amalfi, possibly the first of the maritime republics to play a major character, had developed across-the-board trade with Byzantium and Egypt. Amalfitan merchants wrested the Mediterranean trade wind monopoly from the Arabs and founded mercantile bases in Southern Italy and the Middle East in the tenth hundred. Amalfitans were the first base to create a colony in Constantinople. Among the most significant products of the Republic of Amalfi are the Amalfian Laws, a codification of the rules of nautical law which remained in force throughout the Middle Ages. From 1039 Amalfi came under the dominance of the Principality of Salerno. In 1073 Robert Guiscard conquered the city, taking the deed Dux Amalfitanorum ( “ Duke of the Amalfitans ” ). In 1096 Amalfi revolted and reverted to an mugwump republic, but this was put down in 1101. It revolted again in 1130 and was finally subdued in 1131. Amalfi was sacked by Pisans in 1137, at a time when it was weakened by natural disasters ( severe flood ) and was annexed to the Norman lands in southern Italy. Thereafter, Amalfi began a rapid refuse and was replaced in its function as the main commercial hub of Campania by the Duchy of Naples .

pisa [edit ]

In 1016 an alliance of Pisa and Genoa defeated the Saracens, conquered Corsica and gained dominance of the Tyrrhenian Sea. A century late they freed the Balearic Islands in an excursion that was celebrated in the Gesta triumphalia per Pisanos and in the Liber Maiorichinus epic poem, composed in 1113–1115 .
Pisa, at that time overlooking the ocean at the mouth of the Arno, reached the pinnacle of its glory between the 12th and 13th centuries, when its ships controlled the western Mediterranean. Rivalry between Pisa and Genoa grew worse in the twelfth hundred and resulted in the naval Battle of Meloria ( 1284 ), which marked the get down of Pisan decline ; Pisa renounced all claim to Corsica and ceded separate of Sardinia to Genoa in 1299. furthermore, the Aragonese conquest of Sardinia, which began in 1324, deprived the Tuscan city of district over the Giudicati of Cagliari and Gallura. Pisa maintained its independence and control of the Tuscan coast until 1409, when it was annexed by Florence .

genoa [edit ]

Genoa, besides known as La Superba ( “ the Superb one ” ), began to gain autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire around the eleventh century, becoming a city state with a republican constitution, and participating in the First Crusade. initially called Compagna Communis, the appellation of republic was made official in 1528 on the inaugural of Admiral Andrea Doria. The alliance with Pisa allowed the dismissal of the westerly sector of the Mediterranean from Saracen pirates, with the reconquest of Corsica, the Balearics and Provence. The formation of the Compagna Communis, a meeting of all the city ‘s craft associations ( compagnie ), besides comprising the noble lords of the surrounding valleys and coasts, last signaled the birth of genoese politics .
Crimea The Genoese fortress in Sudak The fortunes of the town increased well when it joined the First Crusade : its participation brought great privileges for the genoese colonists, which moved to many places in the Holy Land. The apex of genoese fortune came in the thirteenth hundred with the conclusion of the Treaty of Nymphaeum ( 1261 ) with the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus. In substitute for aiding the Byzantine reconquest of Constantinople, this led to the ouster of the Venetians from the straits leading to the Black Sea, which promptly became a genoese sea. [ clarification needed ] Shortly afterwards, in 1284, Pisa was last defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Genoese Navy. In 1298 the Genoese defeated the venetian evanesce at the Dalmatian island of Curzola. The confrontation led to the capture of the venetian Admiral and Marco Polo, who during his imprisonment at the Palazzo San Giorgio dictated the floor of his travels to Rustichello district attorney Pisa, his cellmate. Genoa remained relatively herculean until the final major conflict with Venice, the War of Chioggia of 1379. It ended in victory for the Venetians, who ultimately regained dominance over deal to the East. After a glooming fifteenth century marked by plagues and extraneous domination, the city regained self-government in 1528 through the efforts of Andrea Doria, who created a fresh united states constitution for Genoa. Throughout the pursue hundred Genoa became the primary sponsor of the spanish monarchy, reaping huge profits, which allowed the old patrician class to remain full of life for a period. The Republic remained freelancer until 1797, when it was conquered by the french First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic. After a brief revival in 1814, the Republic was ultimately annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815. [ 8 ]

Venice [edit ]

The Republic of Venice, besides known as La Serenissima ( The Most Serene ), came into being in 727 AD as a resultant role of the growth of trade relations with the Byzantine Empire, of which it was once formally a part, albeit with a solid degree of independence. Venice remained an ally of Byzantium in the fight against Arabs and Normans. Around 1000 it began its expansion in the Adriatic, defeating the pirates who occupied the coast of Istria and Dalmatia and placing those regions and their principal townships under venetian control. At the begin of the thirteenth hundred, the city reached the acme of its power, dominating the commercial traffic in the Mediterranean and with the Orient. During the Fourth Crusade ( 1202–1204 ) its flit was decisive in the acquisition of the islands and the most commercially important seaside towns of the Byzantine Empire. The seduction of the important ports of Corfu ( 1207 ) and Crete ( 1209 ) gave it a trade that extended to the east and reached Syria and Egypt, endpoints of nautical trade routes. By the end of the fourteenth hundred, Venice had become one of the richest states in Europe. Its dominance in the eastern Mediterranean in late centuries was threatened by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in those areas, despite the great naval victory in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 against the turkish fleet, fought with the Holy League. The Republic of Venice expanded powerfully on the mainland, excessively. It became the largest of the nautical republics and was the most powerful country of Italy until 1797, when Napoleon invaded the venetian lagoon and conquer Venice. The city passed between French and Austrian control over the adjacent half-century, before briefly regaining its independence during the revolutions of 1848. austrian rule resumed a year late, and continued until 1866, when Veneto passed into the Kingdom of Italy .

Ancona [edit ]

port of Ancona ( XVI century ). Included in the Papal States since 774, Ancona came under the influence of the Holy Roman Empire around 1000, but gradually gained independence to become amply independent with the coming of the communes in the twelfth century. Its motto was Ancon dorica civitas fidei ( dorian Ancona, city of religion ) ; its coin was the agontano. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Although slightly confined by venetian domination on the sea, Ancona was a celebrated nautical republic for its economic growth and its discriminatory deal, particularly with the Byzantine Empire. Despite a series of expeditions, craft wars and naval blockades, Venice never succeeded in subduing Ancona. [ 11 ] The democracy of Ancona enjoyed excellent relations with the Kingdom of Hungary and was an ally of the Republic of Ragusa. [ 12 ] Despite the radio link with Byzantium, it besides maintained good relations with the Turks, enabling it to serve as cardinal Italy ‘s gateway to the Orient. The warehouses of the Republic of Ancona were continuously active voice in Constantinople, Alexandria and other Byzantine ports, while the classification of goods imported by land ( specially textiles and spices ) [ 2 ] fell to the merchants of Lucca and Florence. In art, Ancona was one of the centers of alleged Adriatic Renaissance, that particular kind of rebirth that spread between Dalmatia, Venice and the Marches, characterized by a rediscovery of classical art and a certain continuity with Gothic art. The nautical cartographer Grazioso Benincasa was born in Ancona, as was the navigator-archaeologist Cyriacus of Ancona, named by his fellow humanists “ church father of the antiquities ”, who made his contemporaries aware of the being of the Parthenon, the Pyramids, the Sphinx and other celebrated ancient monuments believed destroyed. Ancona always had to guard itself against the design of both the Holy Roman Empire and the papacy. It never attacked other nautical cities, but was constantly forced to defend itself. It succeeded until 1532, when it lost its independence after Pope Clement VII took possession of it by political means .

dubrovnik [edit ]

Republic of Ragusa before 1808 Painting of Ragusa from 1667 In the first half of the seventh hundred, Ragusa began to develop an active trade wind in the East Mediterranean. From the eleventh hundred, it emerged as a maritime and mercantile city, particularly in the Adriatic. The beginning known commercial shrink goes binding to 1148 and was signed with the city of Molfetta, but other cities came along in the follow decades, including Pisa, Termoli and Naples. After the fall of Constantinople in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Ragusa came under the dominion of the Republic of Venice, from which it inherited most of its institutions. venetian rule lasted for one and a half centuries and determined the institutional structure of the future democracy, with the emergence of the Senate in 1252 and the approval of the Ragusa Statute on 9 May 1272. In 1358, following a war with the Kingdom of Hungary, the Treaty of Zadar forced Venice to give up many of its possessions in Dalmatia. Ragusa voluntarily became a addiction of the Kingdom of Hungary, obtaining the right to self-government in change for avail with its fleet and payment of an annual tribute. Ragusa was fortified and equipped with two ports. The Communitas Ragusina began to be called Respublica Ragusina from 1403. Basing its prosperity on nautical trade, Ragusa became the major baron of the southerly Adriatic and came to rival the Republic of Venice. For centuries Ragusa was an ally of Ancona, Venice ‘s early rival in the Adriatic. This alliance enabled the two towns on opposite sides of the Adriatic to resist attempts by the Venetians to make the Adriatic a “ venetian bay ”, which would have given Venice direct or indirect see over all the Adriatic ports. The venetian trade path went via Germany and Austria ; Ancona and Ragusa developed an alternate route going west from Ragusa through Ancona to Florence and finally to Flanders.

Relationships [edit ]

Relationships between the nautical republics were governed by their commercial interests, and were often expressed as political or economic agreements aimed at shared net income from a barter route or reciprocal non-interference. But competition for control of the trade routes to the East and in the Mediterranean sparked rivalries that could not be settled diplomatically, and there were several clashes among the maritime republics .

Pisa and Venice [edit ]

Towards the end of the eleventh hundred, the First Crusade in the Holy Land began on the inaugural of Pope Urban II, supported by the speeches of Peter the Hermit. Venice and Pisa entered the crusade about simultaneously, and the two republics were soon in contest. The venetian naval army of bishop Eugenio Contarini clashed with the Pisan army of Archbishop Dagobert in the sea around Rhodes. Pisa and Venice gave documentation to the Siege of Jerusalem by the army led by Godfrey of Bouillon. The Pisan force remained in the Holy Land. Daibert became the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and crowned Godfrey of Bouillon first Christian King of Jerusalem. Venice, in contrast, soon ended its engagement in the first base crusade, probably because its interests lay chiefly in balancing Pisan and Genoese influence in the Orient. Relationships between Pisa and Venice were not constantly characterized by competition and hostility. Over the centuries, the two republics signed respective agreements concerning their zones of influence and military action, to avoid hindering each early. On 13 October 1180 the Doge of Venice and a example of the Pisan consul signed an agreement for the reciprocal non-interference in Adriatic and Tyrrhenian affairs, and in 1206 Pisa and Venice concluded a treaty in which they reaffirmed the respective zones of influence. between 1494 and 1509, during the siege of Pisa by Florence, Venice went to rescue of the Pisans, following a policy of safeguarding italian district from alien intervention .

Venice and Genoa [edit ]

The kinship between Genoa and Venice was about endlessly competitive and hostile, both economically and militarily. Until the beginning of the thirteenth hundred, hostilities were limited to rare acts of piracy and isolate skirmishes. In 1218 Venice and Genoa reached an agreement to end the piracy and to safeguard each other. Genoa was guaranteed the proper to trade in the eastern imperial lands, a new and profitable commercialize .

War of Saint Sabas and the conflict of 1293–99 [edit ]

conflict between the two Republics reached a violent crisis in the struggle at Saint-Jean d’Acre for possession of the Saint Sabas monastery. The genoese occupied it in 1255, beginning hostilities with the sack of the venetian vicinity and the destruction of the ships docked there. Venice first agreed to an alliance with Pisa regarding their common interests in Syria and Palestine, but then counter-attacked, destroying the spike monastery. The flight of the Genoese and of the baron Philip of Montfort, rule of the Christian principality of Syria, concluded the first phase of the punitive excursion. merely one class late, the three maritime powers fought an mismatched dispute in the waters facing Saint-Jean d’Acre. Almost all the genoese galleys were dip and 1,700 fighters and sailors were killed. The genoese replied with new alliances. The Nicaean enthrone was usurped by Michael VIII Palaiologos, that aimed at reconquest of the lands once owned by the Byzantine Empire. His expansionist plan suited the Genoese. The Nicaean fleet and united states army conquered and occupied Constantinople, causing the collapse of the Latin Empire of Constantinople less than sixty years after its creation. Genoa replaced Venice in the monopoly of commerce with the Black Sea territories. This menstruation of battle between Genoa and Venice ended with the Battle of Curzola of 1298 ( won by Genoa ), in which the Venetian admiral Andrea Dandolo was taken prisoner. To avoid the dishonor of arriving in Genoa in shackles, Dandolo committed suicide by smashing his headway against the oar to which he was tied. A year late, the Republics signed a peace treaty in Milan .

War of Chioggia [edit ]

part of the Venetian fortress on Tenedos, an island now turkish Towards the end of the fourteenth hundred, Cyprus was occupied by the Genoese and ruled by the signoria of Pietro II of Lusignano, while the smaller island of Tenedos, an important port of call on the Bosphorous and Black Sea route, was conceded by Andronikos IV Palaiologos to Genoa in place of the concession of his forefather John V Palaiologos to Venice. These two events fuelled the resumption of hostilities between the two maritime Republics, which were expanding from the east to the west of the Mediterranean. The conflict was named the War of Chioggia because the Venetians, after an initial success, were defeated in Pula by the Genoese, who occupied Chioggia and besieged Venice. The Venetians established a raw fleet and besieged the Genoese in Chioggia in turn, forcing them to surrender in 1380. The war ended in privilege of the Venetians with the Peace of Turin on 8 April 1381. The appropriate of Constantinople by the Ottomans of Mehmed II on 29 May 1453 put an end to the eleven centuries of the Byzantine Empire. This event aroused strong feelings that inspired Pope Nicholas V to plan a crusade. To realize his mind, the pope mediated between the two coalitions that were continuing to struggle in Tuscany and Lombardy. Cosimo de ‘ Medici and Alfonso V of Aragon entered the Italic League, together with Pope Nicholas, with Francesco Sforza of Milan and with Venice. While Popes Callistus II and Pius II tried to progress their predecessor ‘s estimate and were canvassing the states of the Italic League and other european powers to interest them in a crusade, the Ottomans defeated many Genoese and venetian colonies. These events showed the superiority of the newfangled big naval and military Ottoman power in the eastern Mediterranean and forced the two italian maritime republics to seek a new fortune. Genoa found it the emergence of international finance, Venice in estate expansion .

Land battles and gather in the Holy League [edit ]

Around the center fifteenth hundred, Genoa entered into a triple confederation with Florence and Milan, with Charles VII of France as its promontory. meanwhile, Venice sided with Alfonso V of Aragon, who occupied the enthrone of Naples. Due to the competition of the italian States, two great coalitions were formed, and extraneous intervention in the peninsula was steadily increasing. To oppose the Ottomans, Venice and Genoa put aside their differences in the sixteenth century to join the Holy League created by Pius V. Most of the Christian fleet consisted of venetian ships, around 100 galleys. Genoa sailed under the spanish flag, as the Republic of Genoa lend all its ships to Philip II. The impressive Christian League fleet gathered in the Gulf of Lepanto under the control of the Spaniard John of Austria to clash with the Turkish fleet commanded by Kapudan Ali Pasha. The Battle of Lepanto was fought from noon on 7 October 1571 until the postdate click and ended in victory for the Christian League .

Genoa and Pisa [edit ]

To begin with, these two maritime republics, close to one another on the Tyrrhenian Sea, collaborated as allies against the menace of arab expansion. however, their later competition dominated the western Mediterranean .

Allied against Arabs [edit ]

Watchtower in Marciana Marina Elba, built by the Republic of Pisa as a defense against Saracene pirates At the begin of the second millennium, Muslim armies had advanced into Sicily, and were trying to conquer Calabria and Sardinia. To resist them, Pisa and Genoa joined forces to banish the fleet of Mujāhid al- ‘ Āmirī from the coasts of Sardinia, where it had settled temporarily between 1015 and 1016, threatening the survival of the sardinian giudicati. once that was achieved, disputes soon broke out over control of the conquer territories. Due to the limited forces available, the alliance was unable to occupy the big Tyrrhenian island for long. The many disputes, even the armed ones, were set aside in 1087 when they reunited to fight their common foe. In the summer of the lapp year, a massive fleet composed of two hundred galleys from Genoa and Pisa, with some from Gaeta, Salerno and Amalfi, set voyage for the Mediterranean coast of Africa. The fleet mounted a successful offensive against Mahdia on 6 August 1087. On 21 April 1092 the Pope elevated the archdiocese of Pisa to the membership of metropolitan archdiocese and placed the bishops of Corsica under its authority. That same victorious dispatch persuaded Pope Urban II that a large crusade to liberate the Holy Land would be potential. Around the 1110s, Pope Paschal II asked Pisans and Genoese to organize a campaign in the westerly Mediterranean. The expedition was very successful and freed the Balearic Islands from the Muslims. As a sign of gratitude, the pope granted many privileges to the two republics. The Pisan archbishop was granted primacy over Sardinia, in addition to Corsica .

First War between Pisa and Genoa [edit ]

The papal concessions to the archbishop of Pisa greatly increased the fame of the Tuscan democracy throughout the Mediterranean, but at the lapp time aroused Genoese envy, which soon developed into conflict. In 1119, the Genoese attacked some Pisan galleys, beginning a bloody war on sea and land. It lasted until 1133, interrupted by several truces that were sometimes observed and sometimes violated. The clashes were brought to an end by sharing authority over the corsican dioceses between the two cities .

Second War [edit ]

When Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa came to Italy to oppose the power of the italian cities, Genoa gave its defend to the imperial campaign, although with slender reservations, while Pisa made its support conditional on the emperor taking depart in the siege of Milan. In 1162 and 1163 Frederick I granted Pisa great privileges, such as control of the Tyrrhenian coast deoxyadenosine monophosphate far as Civitavecchia. This reignited Genoa ‘s resentment and competition, which once again developed into capable conflict. There was a pause in the conflict on Frederick ‘s fourth origin into Italy, but it resumed soon after his departure. peace was reached on 6 November 1175 with the return of the Holy Roman Emperor to Italy. The agreement favoured Genoa, expanding its overseas territories. Pisa and Genoa took function in the campaign commanded by Frederick ‘s successor Henry VI against the Kingdom of Sicily .

defeat of Pisa [edit ]

From 1282 to 1284 Genoa and Pisa reverted to fighting each other. A decisive naval conflict occurred on 6 August 1284. Pisan and Genoese fleets fought the hale day in what became known as the Battle of Meloria. The genoese emerged triumphant, while the Pisan galley, having received no avail, were forced to retreat to the port of Pisa. Prisoners taken by the Genoese were in the order of thousands. Among them was the poet Rustichello district attorney Pisa, who met Marco Polo ( captured during the Battle of Curzola ) and wrote down the adventures of the venetian explorer. The Battle of Meloria greatly reduced the power of the Pisan Republic, which never regained its leave character in the western Mediterranean. Pisa had lost thousands of young men in the struggle, causing a population crash. Venice did not intervene to help its ally Pisa in its crisis. Some historians [ who? ] consider this decision to have been an error on the depart of Venice, which yielded domination of the Tyrrhenian Sea to rival Genoa and simultaneously lost the precious help oneself of Pisa in the east. Despite the reverse, Pisa was able to continue its territorial expansion in Tuscany some decades afterwards, thanks to Guido district attorney Montefeltro and Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor. In the fourteenth century, Pisa changed from a commune to a signoria. Fazio Novello della Gherardesca, an educated aristocrat, improved relations with Florence, the Pope and Genoa. The treaty with Genoa was good the first of a series of commercial agreements. But in the first years of the succeed century, under the predominate of Gabriello Maria Visconti, the city of Pisa was besieged by Milan, Florence, Genoa and France. Giovanni Gambacorta took advantage of this to rise to ability, but he secretly negotiated surrender with the besiegers. On 6 October 1406 Pisa became a possession of Florence, which therefore realized its long-held goal of access to the sea. That was the end of the Pisan Republic .

Amalfi and Pisa [edit ]

Amalfi had already lost complete autonomy from the second gear half of the eleventh century, although it continued running its commercial routes and enjoying a big degree of administrative autonomy, at least in this period. Under the protection of the Norman William II, third Duke of Apulia, in October 1126 the administrators of Amalfi reached a profitable commercial agreement with the neighbouring Pisa, to collaborate in the protection of their common interests in the Tyrrhenian. This agreement was the result of a decades-old friendship with the Tuscan republic. however, Amalfi had no united states army of its own to protect its commercial interests. That is why Amalfian ships are not much reported to have been engaged in military action against other nautical republics. In fact it was the Pisan united states army that broke the treaty with Amalfi by attacking the coastal city on 4 August 1135 during the war waged by Pope Innocent II and the fresh emperor Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor ( aided by the republics of Genoa and Pisa ) against the Norman Roger II of Sicily, who controlled Amalfi. That war ended in privilege of Roger II, who gained recognition of his rights over the territories of South Italy, but it was a severe shove off for Amalfi, which lost both its flit and its political autonomy. [ 13 ]

Venice, Ancona and Ragusa [edit ]

commercial rival among Venice, Ancona and Ragusa was identical impregnable because all of them bordered the Adriatic Sea. They fought open battles on more than one occasion. Venice, aware of its major economic and military ability, disliked rival from other maritime cities in the Adriatic. respective adriatic ports were under venetian dominion, but Ancona and Ragusa retained their independence. To avoid succumbing to Venetian rule, these two republics made multiple and lasting alliances. In 1174 Venice united its forces with Frederick I Barbarossa ‘s imperial army to try to overpower Ancona. Fredrick ‘s intention was to reassert his authority over the italian cities. The Venetians deployed numerous galleys and the galleon Totus Mundus in the port of Ancona, while imperial troops lay siege from the land. After some months of dramatic resistor by the Anconitans, supported by Byzantine troops, they were able to send a little contingent to Emilia-Romagna to ask for aid. Troops from Ferrara and Bertinoro arrived to save the city and repelled the imperial troops and the Venetians in conflict. Venice conquered Ragusa in 1205 and held it until 1358 when Ragusa regained de facto exemption, paying tributes first to the Hungarians, and after the Battle of Mohács, to the Turks. During this period Ragusa reconfirmed its honest-to-god alliance with Ancona .

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

bibliography [edit ]

Maritime republics

Adolf Schaube, Storia del commercio dei popoli latini del Mediterraneo sino alla fine delle Crociate, Unione tipografico-editrice Torinese, 1915
Armando Lodolini, Le repubbliche del mare, edizioni Biblioteca di storia patria, (Ente per la diffusione e l’educazione storica), Rome 1967
G. Benvenuti, Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia, Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989.
Marc’Antonio Bragadin, Storia delle Repubbliche marinare, Odoya, Bologna 2010, 240 pp., ISBN 978-88-6288-082-4.

Duchy of Amalfi

Umberto Moretti, La prima repubblica marinara d’Italia: Amalfi : con uno studio critico sulla scoperta della bussola nautica, A. Forni, 1998

Republic of Genoa

Aldo Padovano; Felice Volpe, La grande storia di Genova, Artemisia Progetti Editoriali, 2008, Vol. 2, pp. 84, 91
Carlo Varese, Storia della repubblica di Genova: dalla sua origine sino al 1814, Tipografia d’Y. Gravier, 1836

Republic of Pisa

Gino Benvenuti, Storia della Repubblica di Pisa: le quattro stagioni di una meravigliosa avventura, Giardini, 1961

Republic of Venice

Alvise Zorzi, La repubblica del leone: Storia di Venezia, Bompiani 2002
Samuele Romanin, Storia documentata di Venezia editore Naratovich 1854

Republic of Ancona

Various authors, Ancona repubblica marinara, Federico Barbarossa e le Marche; Arti grafiche Città di Castello, 1972

Republic of Ragusa

Sergio Anselmi e Antonio Di Vittorio, Ragusa e il Mediterraneo: ruolo e funzioni di una repubblica marinara tra Medioevo ed età Moderna, Cacucci, 1990

Maritime republics – Wikipedia